EESC 101 mid-term 2 (6-12) study set || with A+ Guaranteed
Solutions.
When was the peak of population growth rate? correct answers Growth rate peaked at 2.1% in
1960s, reduced to 1.2% at start of 21st Century
what was the view on population growth in the 1700s and how did it change over time? correct
answers 1700s - it was broadly viewed that more children meant better support in old age and
more labour for factory work (or farm)
Malthus (1800s); 1968 (Paul Ehrlich) and others argued that population is growing much faster
than our ability to produce and distribute food and that population control is the only way to
prevent:
-Massive starvation
-Environmental degradation
-Civil strife
what is the "household explosion"? correct answers • Numbers of household are increasing
• E.g. due to affluence, divorce, preferences, etc.
• This adds to the ecological footprint (small households are less efficient
-per capita demands on land, water, energy, lumber, etc. are greater.
• Households are viewed by some as more important than population in predicting environmental
impact.
what is the IPAT model? correct answers I = P x A x T x S• Our total impact (I) on the
environment results from the interaction of population (P), affluence (A) and technology (T),
with an added sensitivity (S) factor
• Population = individuals need space and resources
• Affluence = greater per capita resource use
• Technology = increased exploitation of resources
• Sensitivity = how sensitive an area is to human pressure
in terms of the earths carrying capacity, what will staying with status quo policies lead to, and
what would more sustainable policies lead to? correct answers Status quo policy leads to
• Sudden food & population decrease
• Pollution increase
More sustainable policies lead to
,• Food & population stabilize
• Pollution decrease
What were the four significant periods of societal changed altered the human relationship with
the enviroment, increasing enviromental carrying capacity? correct answers Paleolithic period
(Old Stone Age)
:-Use of fire
-Stone tools, which helped modify their environment
-We have little evidence about world populations at this time
Neolithic (New Stone Age):
• 10,000 to 12,000 years ago
- transitions from hunter
-gatherer lifestyle to settled agriculture
• Initiated a permanent change in the way humans relate to the natural environment
• Made cities, trades, science, armies, and other aspects of modern culture possible
Industrial Revolution:-Began in the mid - 1700s
-A shift from rural life, animal
-powered agriculture, and manufacturing by craftsmen, to an urban society powered by fossil
fuels
-Improvements in sanitation and medical technology
-Enhanced agricultural production
• Medical
-Technological Revolution (this is still in progress):
-Modern medical and technological advancements
-People live longer and healthier lives
-Green Revolution
- shift to modern agricultural practices
despite these continued advancements we cannot presume that human population can keep
growing indefinitely
How heavy is the demand that humans are putting on the planet's primary production? correct
answers Between harvesting, land use and fire, humans are utilizing 23.8% of global NPP - used
by just one species!
• Heavily farmed regions have highest proportional use
what is demography and what do demographers study? correct answers • Demography: the
application of population ecology principles to the study of change in human populations
• Demographers study:
-Population size
-Density
,-Distribution
-Age structure
-Sex ratio
-Rates of birth, death, immigration, and emigration
How do a population's density and distrubtion affect its enviromental impact? correct answers •
Humans are unevenly distributed around the globe
• A population's environmental impact depends on its density, distribution, and composition, as
well as affluence, technology, and level of consumption
• Population density = the number of people per unit area
• Highest population density is in temperate, subtropical, and tropical climates
-Unpopulated areas tend to be environmentally sensitive (high S value in the IPAT equation)
what is important in predicting future dynamics of populations? correct answers • Age structure
important in predicting future dynamics of populations
• Having many individuals in young age groups results in
-High reproduction
-Rapid population growth
how do sex ratios affect population dynamics? correct answers • Naturally occurring sex ratios
for humans slightly favour males (100 females born to 106 males)
• Cultural gender preferences can influence this.
-In China, this combined with the one-child policy led to selective abortion of female fetuses: in
2010, 118 boys were reported born for every 100 girls
-Undesirable social consequences including teenage girls kidnapped and sold as brides
What is the total fertility rate (TFR)? What is Replacement fertility? correct answers • Total
fertility rate (TFR) = average number of children born per female member of a population during
her lifetime
• Replacement fertility: the TFR that keeps the size of a population stable
-For human replacement fertility is equal to a TFR of 2.1
what factors influence TFR? correct answers • Lower infant mortality rate (why and in which
direction does this impact TFR?)
• Increasing urbanization decreases TFR
-Less need for farm labour
-More children go to school
- increased costs to having children
• Social security: elderly parents need fewer children to support them
, • Greater education allows women to enter the labor force, with less emphasis on child rearing
what factors result in population change? correct answers • Whether a population grows, shrinks,
or remains stable depends on:
-Rates of birth, death, and migration
-Birth and immigration add individuals
-Death and emigration remove individuals
• Advances in technology have led to a dramatic decline in human death rates in many countries,
resulting in the global population expansion in some regions
• However: Population growth rates in many countries have been declining, even without
population control policies, due in part from a steep drop in birth rates
what is the Demographic transition model and what does it explain? correct answers a model of
economic and cultural change to explain the declining death and birth rates in industrializing
nations
Per the Demographic Transistion model, how did birth and death rates change from the pre
industrial stage, to the industrial stage, to the post industrial stage? correct answers • The pre-
industrial stage has defined most of human history
- high birth and death rates.
• Transitional stage initiated from industrialization
- declining death rates
• Industrial stage
-after a lag period birth rates follow death rates and decline
(lower infant mortality; increased urbanization; more children go to school; social security;
education & opportunity for women).
• Post-industrial stage
- both birth rates and death rates remain at low levels
where has the post industrial stage of demopgrahic transition stage occured and what has it
resulted in? correct answers .• It has occurred in Europe, U.S., Canada, Japan, and other nations
over the past 200-300 years
• But, it may or may not happen to all developing nations and cultures that
-Place greater value on childbirth
-Grant women fewer freedoms
• Despite these successes, recall from the Chapter intro that despite declining growth rates global
population is still growing
- small percentages added to an already large population still adds to the absolute population
