Ephe 155 final || A Verified A+ Pass.
antioxidants correct answers chemicals that protects cells from damage from oxidation,
including: vitamin E, vitamin C, beta-carotene, vitamin A and selenium
oxidation correct answers when a stable atom loses an electron creating a highly reactive free
radical that can damage cells
free radical correct answers an atom that has lost an electron and is left with an unpaired
electron. highly reactive and can cause damage to molecules in the cell. formed when
(formation of) free radical correct answers metabolic processes create ATP by using oxidation
reactions which produce_______ __________. also produced by: immune responses to allergens,
infections, pollution, ultraviolet light, toxic substances
Free radicals (damage) correct answers ______ _________ cause damage to: cell membranes
integrity LDLs, protein, DNA
(diseases linked to) free radicals correct answers diseases linked to _____ ________:cancer,
diabetes, arthritis, cataracts, heart disease, kidney disease, parkinson's, alzheimers,
antioxidant (functions) correct answers ____________ functions:
-some donate electrons to free radicals to stabilize them
-some minerals act as co-factors with complex antioxidant enzyme systems to destroy them
-inhibit growth of cancer cells (assist in removing and destroying pre-cancerous cells)
-enhance immune system
vitamin E correct answers fat soluble vitamin made of tocotrienol (inactive) and tocopherol
(active) which donate electrons to free radicals (antoxidant)
good sources: raisin bran, sunflower seeds, marinara sauce, mixed nuts, avocado, canola oil,
peanuts (RDA = 15mg)
(functions of) vitamin E correct answers -primary role as antioxidant
-protects PUFAs
-protects LDLs
-found mostly in cell membranes because they are fat soluble
-often added to skincare products to prevent spoilage
too much/too little vitamin E correct answers too much: toxicity is uncommon, can interfere with
anticoagulant meds, increase risk of hemorrhagic stoke
too little: deficiencies are uncommon, can result in erthrocyte hemolysis, anemia
-may happen if someone has lost part of intestine and can't absorb fats well
Vitamin C correct answers water soluble vitamin that must be consumed in diet
,(functions of) vitamin c correct answers -antioxidant in the extracellular fluid and is especially
important in the lungs and stomach
-regenerates vitamin E
-synthesizes collagen (for CT in bones, teeth, tendons, blood cells, prevents bruising)
-prevents scurvy(compromsed collagen)
-enhances immune system
vitamin C (recommended intake) correct answers recommended ________ _ intake:
90 mg/day for men; 75 mg/day for women
-additionally 35 mg/day for smokers (tied with lung function)
good sources include: strawberries, grapefruit, kiwifruit, red peppers orange, cauliflower
beta-carotene correct answers a carotenoid and a provitamin, and a precursor to retinol (one of
the active forms of vitamin A), gives veggies red/orange colour
-not considered an essential nutrient, no DRI or RDA
-only absorb 20-40% of the carotenoids in food(cooking increases absorption)
provitamins correct answers inactive precursors that must be converted to active forms in the
body
-ie beta-carotene a precursor of retinol
good sources:pumpkin, sweet potato, spinach, kale, carrots
(function of) beta-carotene correct answers -weak antioxidant
-effective against oxidation in cell membranes and LDLs
-enhance immune system
-protect skin from UV damage
-protect eyes from damage (related to night blindness in deficiency)
Vitamin A correct answers -fat soluble vitamin
-excess stored in liver, adipose tissue, kidneys and lungs
-has 3 active forms
good sources: pumpkin, carrots, sweet potato, asparagus, beef liver
retinol, retinal, retinoic acid correct answers 3 active forms of vitamin A
retinol correct answers active form of vitamin A related to:
-vision
-sexual reproduction
-bone health
-immune function
-interchangeable with retinal
,retinal correct answers active form of vitamin A related to:
-vision
-sexual reproduction
-immune function
interchangeable with retinol
-can form retinoic acid irreversibly
retinoic acid correct answers active form of vitamin A related to:
-cell differentiation
-bone health
-immune function
-irreversibly formed from retinal
too much/too little vitamin A correct answers too much:
-highly toxic in high amounts from supplements
-can cause birth defects in pregnant owmen, permanent damage to liver and eyes
too little:
-night blindness
selenium correct answers trace mineral found in a few amino acids in body
-antioxidant-- part of gluthione peroxidase enzyme system
-produces thyroxine(thyroid hormone)
good souces: halibut, tuna, couscous, cheese, mixed nuts, pork loin
too much/too little selenium correct answers too much:
-toxicity- brittle hair, nails skin rashes form supplements
-skin rashes, vomiting, liver damage
too little:
-keshan disease (heart disorder)
-kashin-beck disease (arthitis)
cofactor correct answers a compound needed for proper enzyme function
copper, zinc, manganese (as cofactors) correct answers 3 cofactors for superoxide dismutase
enzyme antioxidant system
iron (as a cofactor) correct answers cofactor for catalase antioxidant system
cancer correct answers a groups of related diseases characterized by cells growing out of control
3 steps of cancer correct answers 1) initiation-- could be caused by exposure to a carcinogen
2) promotion-- cell mutation divided rapidly
3) progression-- if not destroyed of removed, it metastisizes to rest of body
, (major factors of) cancer correct answers major risk factors of _________:
-tobacco use
-sun exposure
-nutrition (not enough antioxidants in diet)
-physical activity
-environmental and occupational factors (asbestos)
antioxidant supplements correct answers -no peer-reviewed research shows benefits of individual
________ __________ nutrients-- may even function as pro-oxidants
-eating whole foods high in these nutrients shown to decrease cancer risk (but correlation does
not prove causation)
phytochemicals correct answers naturally occuring chemicals in plants--- believed to protect
plants against injuries
-biologically active in body
-generally only available in whole foods
-exhibit clear cancer prevention properties
-over 5000 identified
-not considered nutrients-- no RDA (unnecessary for survival)
(functions of) phytochemicals correct answers functions of _______________:
-work similar to antioxidants
-reduce inflammation
-enhance activity of some enzymes
-slow cancer tumor growth
-enhance immune function (antibacterial and antiviral agents
-lowering blood lipid profiles and blood pressure
phytochemical (rich foods help with) correct answers ____________ rich foods help with:
-cv disease (improve blood-lipid profiles
-cancer
-diabetes
-alzheimers
-cataracts
-tea and red wine are high in phytochemicals
cardiovascular disease correct answers -leading cause of death in canada
-includes heart disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis
-risk factors: smoking, obesity, hypertnsion, high LDL levels, low HDL levels, inactivity,
diabetes
(antioxidants reduce risk of) CVD correct answers antioxidants reduce risk of ____:
-antioxidants prevent oxidative damage to LDL
-act as anticoagulent to prevent blood clots (vitamin E)
-reduce low grade inflammation-- a newly identified risk for CVD
