EPHE 355 - (General Assessment) || with 100% Accurate Solutions.
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Course
EPHE 355
Institution
EPHE 355
Understanding LEVERS - Important for Assessment and Treatment correct answers Modifying Biomechanics is useful in assessment
- For example, in manual muscle testing the longer the resistance arm (RA) is for the assessor, the less force the assessor will need to resist the patient's movement.
Mo...
EPHE 355 - (General Assessment) || with 100% Accurate
Solutions.
Understanding LEVERS - Important for Assessment and Treatment correct answers Modifying
Biomechanics is useful in assessment
- For example, in manual muscle testing the longer the resistance arm (RA) is for the assessor,
the less force the assessor will need to resist the patient's movement.
Modifying Biomechanics is useful in exercise prescription
- For example, you can make an exercise easier or harder
by changing the lever arm length
Improving your mechanical advantage will help reducing injury to yourself and the patient!
Anatomical Levers correct answers Muscle Force Arm (FA) =distance from muscle insertion to
joint (fulcrum)
Resistance Arm (RA) =distance from COG of moving limb to joint (fulcrum)
Torque = force x distance
Muscle force(F) x FA = Load (R) x RA
Question: While doing a manual muscle test, will the patient experience a greater resistance
torque if your hand is closer or further away from the patient's joint? correct answers Force x
Distance = Torque
Consider how you can adjust lever length to change the
torque we apply.
- further
- greater distance
- larger torque
Question: When you are helping a person get up from a chair, where should your body be
relative to their body? correct answers Closer
- applying less torque on me
- shorten lever arm of my load, muscles have to do less
Question: Where should you place the weight relative to the joint to change the difficulty of the
exercise? correct answers Modifying Biomechanics is useful in exercise prescription
- You can make an exercise easier or harder by changing
the lever arm length
- one at the wrist
,- resistance farther away makes it harder
Curl ups? (sit ups)
Why is it easier to do curl ups with arms across chest rather than arms over top of head? correct
answers Consider: what is the 'fulcrum'(axis) and where are the points of force and Resistance?
fulcrum = hip joint
- hands above head moves centre of gravity
- hands in front, moves resistance closer to fulcrum, less torque is needed
Push Ups?
Why is it easier to do push ups with knees on floor vs. only toes on floor? correct answers
Consider: what is the axis and where are the points of Force and Resistance?
- harder on toes than knees
fulcurm = shoulder joint
- bent knees, take off weight of shins
- moves COG closer to fulcrum of elbow joint
- shorten RA and force
Length of Force and Resistance arms correct answers Effects on torque
- Affected by the distance from the axis at which force is applied (arm)
- A larger torque is created applying a force at the end of the longer resistance arm
Effects on velocity
- The longer the RA, the more distance travelled per unit of time creating a higher velocity at the
end of the longer RA
- Longer RA = greater velocity
- Angular velocity is the same for every point on the object, while tangential velocity is
proportional to the distance from the axis of rotation
3rd Class Lever correct answers Force of Muscle must be large to account for short distance
between muscle insertion and fulcrum to provide necessary torque ( ie need a large force to
overcome the mechanical disadvantage of short lever)
Full orthopaedic assessment correct answers History
Observation (of what's going on)
Includes scanning examination
- do active, passive, and resisted testing
- peripheral joint scan
- asses myotomes, dermatomes
- reflexes
, - other tests eg compression/distraction, dural tests
Spine (Cervical or Lumbar)
- look at slides
Peripheral joint
- active, passive, resisted,
- look at slides
For this class need to know:
History
Observation
Active, Passive, Resisted
History correct answers Subjective: Gives the patient opportunity to describe
History of Present illness (HPI)
- Chief complaint (symptoms vs signs)
- What caused the problem/mechanism of injury (MOI)
- Pain (PQRST)
--> Provokes,
-->Quality (sharp, shooting, dull, throbbing?),
--> Radiates,
--> Severity (use a scale), --> Time
- Movements that relieve/ aggravate
- Diagnostic Imaging
Relevant Past medical history (PMHx)
- E.g .Repeated sprain, Metal in the body and use of modalities
Social history/stresses
Medications or history of surgery?
- E.g. Corticosteroids (e.g. prednisone), anticoagulants
Red Flags correct answers Severe unremitting pain - eg. fracture, cancer
Pain unaffected by meds or position - eg. cancer, space occupying
lesion (eg. abscess)
Severe night pain -eg. cancer
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