MLT 106 Test 2 Basic Genetics Questions And
Answers With Verified Solutions
Cellular Genetics ANS pertains to the cellular organization of genetic materials, i.e., chromatin materials
Molecular Genetics ANS based on the biochemistry of genes and the structures that support genes, i.e.,
DNA, and various proteins that are part of the chromosomal architecture
Gene ANS Section of DNA along chromosome
- italicized when describing a genetic inheritance pattern ( A, B, and O gene)
Alleles ANS One of two or more different genes that may occupy a specific locus on a chromosome. "An
alternate form of gene"
Locus ANS Specific location of a gene on a chromosome
Amorph ANS A silent gene; a gene that does not appear to produce a detectable antigen, such as Jk, Lu, O
Genotype ANS Sequence of DNA that is inherited; an individual's actual genetic makeup
Phenotype ANS Produced by the genotype, including an enzyme to control a blood group antigen; and
then length of long bones of the skeleton
- *the physical or observable expression of a genotype*
; they are not italicized when describing an inheritance pattern
Dominant Gene ANS a trait or characteristic that will be expressed in the offspring even though it is only
carried on one of the homologous chromosomes
Recessive Gene ANS a type of gene that, in the presence of its dominant allele, *does not express itself*
Co-dominant Gene ANS a pair of genes in which neither is dominant over the other; that is they are both
expressed
,Homozygous ANS presence of two identical alleles on both chromosomes
- EX: AA or BB
Heterozygous ANS Inheritance of different allele from each parent at a particular locus
- EX: AO or AB
Autosomal ANS Traits not carried on the sex chromosome
Autosomal dominant ANS Traits physically expressed by all members of the family that carry the allele
Prokaryotic ANS Without a defined nucleus
Eukaryotic ANS With a define nucleus (human beings and all other mammals
Histones ANS Long polymers of DNA and basic proteins that *comprises the chromatin to keep
chromosome shape.*
- highly basic protein of which DNA is coiled around
Population Genetics Overview: ANS - Major areas concerning blood banking include Mendel's laws of
inheritance, the Hardy-Weinberg principle, and inheritance patterns
- Gregor Mendel was an *Austrian monk and mathematician* who used sweet pea plants growing in a
monastery garden to study physical traits in organisms and how they are inherited
- he determined the physical traits to be due to factors he called *elementen within the cell*
- In modern genetics, we know the physical basis of these so-called elementen is genes within the nucleus of
the cell
- Mendel's laws apply to all sexually producing diploid organisms whether they are microorganisms, insects,
plants, animals, or people.
Mendel's First law: *Independent Segregation* ANS - *Each gene is passed on to the next generation on
its own*
- Alleles of genes have no permanent effect on one another when present in the same plant but segregate
unchanged by passing into different gametes
, - He studied the inheritance of several observable pea plant characteristics-notably flower color, seed color,
and seed shape-and based his first law of inheritance, the law of independent or random segregation, on these
results
Mendel's Second Law: *Law of Independent Assortment* ANS - Mendel formulated this law by doing
studies with different types of seeds produced by peas
- He noted that they can be colored green or yellow and textured smooth or wrinkled in any combination
- *Genes for different traits are inherited separately from each other*
- If a homozygote is dominate for two different characteristic is crossed with a homozygote that is recessive for
both characteristics then the offspring will have the same phenotype as the dominant parent
Parental Pure: ANS *the first generation in the study, P1 generation, consisted of all red of all white
flowers*
- The plants were either homozygous for red flowers or for white flowers
First Filial: ANS When these plants were crossbred, *the second generation, or F1, had flowers that were
all red.*
- Thus the dominant trait was the only trait observed. All the plants from the F1 generation are heterozygous
(or hybrid) for flower color (Rr)
Second Filial: ANS *When plants from the F1 generation were crossbred to each other, F2*, generation of
plants had red and white flowers in the ratio of 3:1.
- The F2 generation has a ratio of three red-flowered plants to one white-flowered plant.
- This is because the plants that have the R gene, either RR homozygous or Rr heterozygous, will have red
flowers because the red gene is dominant
- The white gene occurs in duplicate, as in the rr homozygous white-flowered plant, the recessive white gene
expression be visible as a phenotype
Partial Dominance: ANS - This is observed when phenotype of a heterozygous organism is a mixture of
both homozygous phenotypes seen in the P1 generations
- *It is important to remember that although the phenotype does not show dominance or recessive traits, the F1
generation has the heterozygous genotype of Rr*
Co-dominance: ANS - Unlike the flower color of many types of plants, most blood group genes are
inherited in a co-dominant manner
Answers With Verified Solutions
Cellular Genetics ANS pertains to the cellular organization of genetic materials, i.e., chromatin materials
Molecular Genetics ANS based on the biochemistry of genes and the structures that support genes, i.e.,
DNA, and various proteins that are part of the chromosomal architecture
Gene ANS Section of DNA along chromosome
- italicized when describing a genetic inheritance pattern ( A, B, and O gene)
Alleles ANS One of two or more different genes that may occupy a specific locus on a chromosome. "An
alternate form of gene"
Locus ANS Specific location of a gene on a chromosome
Amorph ANS A silent gene; a gene that does not appear to produce a detectable antigen, such as Jk, Lu, O
Genotype ANS Sequence of DNA that is inherited; an individual's actual genetic makeup
Phenotype ANS Produced by the genotype, including an enzyme to control a blood group antigen; and
then length of long bones of the skeleton
- *the physical or observable expression of a genotype*
; they are not italicized when describing an inheritance pattern
Dominant Gene ANS a trait or characteristic that will be expressed in the offspring even though it is only
carried on one of the homologous chromosomes
Recessive Gene ANS a type of gene that, in the presence of its dominant allele, *does not express itself*
Co-dominant Gene ANS a pair of genes in which neither is dominant over the other; that is they are both
expressed
,Homozygous ANS presence of two identical alleles on both chromosomes
- EX: AA or BB
Heterozygous ANS Inheritance of different allele from each parent at a particular locus
- EX: AO or AB
Autosomal ANS Traits not carried on the sex chromosome
Autosomal dominant ANS Traits physically expressed by all members of the family that carry the allele
Prokaryotic ANS Without a defined nucleus
Eukaryotic ANS With a define nucleus (human beings and all other mammals
Histones ANS Long polymers of DNA and basic proteins that *comprises the chromatin to keep
chromosome shape.*
- highly basic protein of which DNA is coiled around
Population Genetics Overview: ANS - Major areas concerning blood banking include Mendel's laws of
inheritance, the Hardy-Weinberg principle, and inheritance patterns
- Gregor Mendel was an *Austrian monk and mathematician* who used sweet pea plants growing in a
monastery garden to study physical traits in organisms and how they are inherited
- he determined the physical traits to be due to factors he called *elementen within the cell*
- In modern genetics, we know the physical basis of these so-called elementen is genes within the nucleus of
the cell
- Mendel's laws apply to all sexually producing diploid organisms whether they are microorganisms, insects,
plants, animals, or people.
Mendel's First law: *Independent Segregation* ANS - *Each gene is passed on to the next generation on
its own*
- Alleles of genes have no permanent effect on one another when present in the same plant but segregate
unchanged by passing into different gametes
, - He studied the inheritance of several observable pea plant characteristics-notably flower color, seed color,
and seed shape-and based his first law of inheritance, the law of independent or random segregation, on these
results
Mendel's Second Law: *Law of Independent Assortment* ANS - Mendel formulated this law by doing
studies with different types of seeds produced by peas
- He noted that they can be colored green or yellow and textured smooth or wrinkled in any combination
- *Genes for different traits are inherited separately from each other*
- If a homozygote is dominate for two different characteristic is crossed with a homozygote that is recessive for
both characteristics then the offspring will have the same phenotype as the dominant parent
Parental Pure: ANS *the first generation in the study, P1 generation, consisted of all red of all white
flowers*
- The plants were either homozygous for red flowers or for white flowers
First Filial: ANS When these plants were crossbred, *the second generation, or F1, had flowers that were
all red.*
- Thus the dominant trait was the only trait observed. All the plants from the F1 generation are heterozygous
(or hybrid) for flower color (Rr)
Second Filial: ANS *When plants from the F1 generation were crossbred to each other, F2*, generation of
plants had red and white flowers in the ratio of 3:1.
- The F2 generation has a ratio of three red-flowered plants to one white-flowered plant.
- This is because the plants that have the R gene, either RR homozygous or Rr heterozygous, will have red
flowers because the red gene is dominant
- The white gene occurs in duplicate, as in the rr homozygous white-flowered plant, the recessive white gene
expression be visible as a phenotype
Partial Dominance: ANS - This is observed when phenotype of a heterozygous organism is a mixture of
both homozygous phenotypes seen in the P1 generations
- *It is important to remember that although the phenotype does not show dominance or recessive traits, the F1
generation has the heterozygous genotype of Rr*
Co-dominance: ANS - Unlike the flower color of many types of plants, most blood group genes are
inherited in a co-dominant manner
