HSC305 Exam 2 Questions with All Correct Answers
Social Desirability effects - Answer- respondent answers questions in a manner that agrees with desirable social norms. (teenage boys might respond to a screening interview about sexual behavior by exaggerating their frequency of sexual activities ...
Social Desirability effects - Answer- respondent answers questions in a manner that
agrees with desirable social norms. (teenage boys might respond to a screening
interview about sexual behavior by exaggerating their frequency of sexual activities
because these behaviors might be perceived as socially desirable among some male
peer groups)
Sensitivity - Answer- the ability of the test to identify correctly all screened individuals
who actually have the disease (a/a+c) (this is used to rule OUT the disease)
Specificity - Answer- the ability of the test to identify only non-diseased individuals who
actually do not have the disease (d/b+d) (this is used to rule IN the disease)
Epidemiologic Triangle - Answer- host, agent/pathogen, and environment
Characteristics of infectious disease agents - Answer- infectivity, pathogenicity,
virulence, toxigenicity, resistance, and antigenicity
infectivity - Answer- the capacity of an agent to enter and multiply in a susceptible host
and produce infection or disease
polio and measles are diseases of high infectivity
measured by the secondary attack rate
pathogenicity - Answer- ability to cause overt disease in the infected host (produce
signs of illness)
measles is a disease of high pathogenicity whereas polio is a disease of low
pathogenicity
measured by the ratio of the number of individuals with clinically apparent disease to the
number exposed to an infection
virulence - Answer- refers to an agent's capacity to induce disease in the host
sometimes used as a synonym for pathogenicity
, measured by the ratio formed by the number of total cases with overt infection divided
by the total number of infected cases
if fatal, use case fatality rate (CFR)
toxigenicity - Answer- refers to the capacity of the agent to produce a toxin/poison
the pathologic effects of agents for diseases such as botulism and shellfish poisoning
result form the toxin produced by the microorganism rather than from the microorganism
itself
resistance - Answer- the ability of the agent to survive adverse environmental conditions
antigenicity - Answer- the ability of the agent to induce antibody production in the host
related to immunogenicity
incubation period - Answer- the time interval between exposure to an infectious agent
and the appearance of the first signs and symptoms of disease
applies only to clinically apparent cases of disease
provides a clue to the time and circumstances of exposure to the agent
useful for determining the etiologic agent
nonspecific defense mechanisms - Answer- examples include skin, mucosal surfaces,
tears, saliva, gastric juices, and the immune system
host responses to infectious agents
immunity may decrease as we age
genetic factors
Characteristics of a Person - Answer- age, sex, marital status, race and ethnicity,
nativity and migration, religion, socioeconomic status
Characteristics of Time - Answer- cyclic fluctuations, common source epidemics, case
clustering
Cyclic fluctuations - Answer- periodic changes in the frequency of diseases and health
conditions over time
Common Source Epidemics - Answer- outbreak due to exposure of a group of persons
to a noxious influence that is common to the individuals in the group.
continuous: an influenza outbreak in a residential facility
point: the response of a group of people circumscribed in place and time to a common
source of infection, contamination, or other etiologic factor to which they were exposed
almost simultaneously. ex. foodborne illness, responses to toxic substances, infectious
diseases.
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