HSC 411 Exam 1 Questions with All Correct Answers
What is inflammation? - Answer- oA reaction of a living tissue & its micro-circulation to a pathogenic/mechanical insult.
oA mechanism for survival
Why does inflammation occur? - Answer- oThe vascular & cellular responses of inflammation a...
What is inflammation? - Answer- oA reaction of a living tissue & its micro-circulation to a
pathogenic/mechanical insult.
oA mechanism for survival
Why does inflammation occur? - Answer- oThe vascular & cellular responses of
inflammation are mediated by:
oChemical factors (derived from blood plasma or cells)
oTriggered by inflammatory stimulus:
- Stress
- Trauma
- Tissue injury or death
--Release chemical mediators of inflammation
Cholinergic - Answer- o Located at acetylcholine synapses
o Subdivided: Nicotinic and Muscarinic (focus is autonomic)
Nicotinic - Answer- o Specific affinity for nicotine (ligand gated)
o Located at the junction between autonomic preganglionic and post ganglionic neurons
o Parasympathetic and sympathetic pathways
o Pharmacologic manipulation will affect both divisions of the ANS
o Mediate transmission to post ganglionic neuron
o Also, Neuromuscular junction
muscarinic - Answer- o Specific affinity for muscarine (G-protein specific)
o Located between cholinergic postganglionic neurons and terminal effector cells
o All parasympathetic terminal synapses
o Directly effect the tissue itself
o Sympathetic postganglionic cholinergic fibers that supply sweat glands
o Five sub-types
o Visceral/bronchiole smooth mm = contraction
o Cardiac mm = decreased heart rate
, o Exocrine (salivary, intestinal, lacrimal) and sweat glands = increased secretion
adrenergic - Answer- o Alpha (1 & 2) and Beta (1, 2, & 3)
o Located on the effector cell
o Between the sympathetic postganglionic adrenergic neuron and the tissues they
supply
alpha-2 - Answer- oPrimary location: Spinal interneurons and CNS adrenergic synapses
oStimulation:
- Reduces neuronal excitability in spinal cord: Spasticity reduction
- Inhibits sympathetic discharge from brainstem
beta-1 - Answer- o Predominate in the heart and kidney tissue
o Stimulation increases heart rate and contractility
o Stimulation increases renin secretion
beta-2 - Answer- o Located primarily in smooth muscle of bronchioles, certain
vasculatures, gallbladder, and uterus
o Also located in cardiac muscle
o Stimulation results in bronchiole dilation
o Responsible for mediating changes in the metabolism of:
- Skeletal muscle
- Liver cells
beta-3 - Answer- o Located primarily in adipose tissue
o Stimulation increases lipolysis
o Also located in cardiac and some smooth muscle; under investigation
a
adenosine - Answer- oG-protein coupled receptors (4 known types in humans)
- Inhibitory (Gi)
oSedative effect on cardiac and neural tissue when stimulated
- Reduces presynaptic neurotransmitter release
- Reduce stimulation to the SA node
- Coronary artery dilation
oKidney: Stimulation affects vascular & tubular function
- Adenosine reduces glomerular filtration rate/Reduces NaCl elimination
- Arteriole constriction
oCNS: Inhibition of synaptic transmission, reduce excitability
- A1 receptor: Activation of K+ channels/Inhibition of Ca++ channels
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