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HPEX 358 - Final Exam Questions with Correct Answers
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Categories of epidemiologic study designs Correct Answer-Case-control Cohort Ecologic Intervention Differences between observational & experimental analytic studies with examples Correct Answer-Observational: - Does not have control over exposure factor - Unable to assign subjects randomly ...

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  • October 8, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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HPEX 358 - Final Exam Questions with Correct
Answers
Categories of epidemiologic study designs Correct Answer-Case-control
Cohort
Ecologic
Intervention


Differences between observational & experimental analytic studies with
examples Correct Answer-Observational:
- Does not have control over exposure factor
- Unable to assign subjects randomly to study condition
- Ex: Ecologic, Case-control, Cohort studies


Experimental:
- Controls who is exposed to a factor of interest
- Assigns subjects randomly to study groups
- Ex: RCTs and Quasi-experimental designs


Cross-sectional analytic study: definition, example, measure of
association Correct Answer-- Def: Examines the relationship between
diseases (or other health-related characteristics) & other variables of
interest as they exist in a defined population at one particular time
- Ex: Surveys
- Prevalence Ratio (do not need to know how to calculate)

,Case-control study: definition, example, measure of association, how to
calculate
& interpret the measure of association Correct Answer-- Definition:
Subjects are defined on the basis of presence or absence of an outcome
of interest
- Cases: individuals who have the outcome or disease of interest
- Controls: individuals without the outcome or disease of interest
- Ex: a group of people who have lung cancer; a group of people who do
not and asking their source
- Measure of association: Odds ratio (*know how to calculate and
interpret* make the 2x2 table)


Case-control study: advantages & disadvantages of case-control studies
Correct Answer-Advantages
- Can be used to study low-prevalence conditions
- Relatively quick & easy to complete
- Usually inexpensive
- Involve smaller number of subjects
- Study rare diseases **
Disadvantages
- Measurement of exposure may be inaccurate
- Representativeness of cases & controls may be unknown
- Provide indirect estimates of risk

, - The temporal relationship between exposure & outcome cannot always
be ascertained
- You cannot measure the direct risk **


Cohort study: definition, types, examples, measure of association, how
to calculate & interpret the measure of association Correct Answer--
Definition: tracks the incidence of a specific disease (or other outcome)
over time
- Exposure → Outcome


Types:
1. Prospective cohort study
- Def: Subjects are classified according to their exposure to a factor of
interest & then are observed over time to document the occurrence of
new cases (incidence) of disease or other health events
Starting at present time, everything is going forward (into the future)
- At the baseline, participants must be certified as being free from the
outcome of interest
- Tracked over time
- Ex: baseline: healthy people who have had the exposure -time passes-
healthy people and sick people
2. Retrospective cohort study
- Def: Uses historical data to determine exposure level at some baseline
in the past; follow-up is performed for subsequent occurrences of
disease between baseline & present

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