CTEL 1: Additive-Language Development || With Accu
CTEL 1: Additive-Language Development || with Accu
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CTEL 1: Additive-Language Development || with Accurate Answers 100%.
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CTEL 1: Additive-Language Development || With Accu
Behaviorist Theory of First-Language Acquisition correct answers Proposes that humans learn language through a process of reinforcement.
In response to a stimulus, children offer a spoken response, usually a repetition of something they've just heard. Then they receive feedback which creates ope...
CTEL 1: Additive-Language Development || with Accurate
Answers 100%.
Behaviorist Theory of First-Language Acquisition correct answers Proposes that humans learn
language through a process of reinforcement.
In response to a stimulus, children offer a spoken response, usually a repetition of something
they've just heard. Then they receive feedback which creates operant conditioning.
BF Skinner
Critics point out that the model excludes any theory of the mind, reducing the complexity of
language to an input-output model. Also, how could kids produce utterances they had not
previously heard
Operant Conditioning correct answers A change in behavior in response to feedback
Universal Grammar Theory (Innate Grammar Theory) correct answers Developed by Noam
Chomsky
Posits that humans are born with innate language abilities, which include general grammatical
categories and constraints that can be adapted or activated by any language a child is exposed to
Helps to explain a few key features of languages and language learning:
1. All languages share certain properties
2. Children who are exposed to a common language will all converge in their competence,
despite receiving different input
3. Children will learn linguistic forms for which they have received no specific input
Critics argue that this theory focuses on the developmental aspects of language acquisition at the
expense of the social and psychological aspects
Language activation device correct answers Part of Chomsky's Universal Grammar Theory
The hypothetical region of the brain devoted to language acquisition and production
Cognitive Constructionist Model of First-Language Acquisition correct answers Derives from
Piaget
Piaget hypothesized that cognitive development, and thus language development, occurs in
universal, identifiable stages.
Learning occurs when a child's experiences challenge his or her current understanding of the
world --> language learning is a form of adaptation to one's environment
,Language learning does appear to happen according to stages of complexity, but the stages
cannot be empirically identified. Also, theory undervalues the influence of both culture and
social interaction on language development.
Social Constructivism Theory of First-Language Acquisition correct answers Attributed to Lev
Vygotsky
Emphasizes the importance of social interaction in language theory. In this model, children learn
primarily from adults ("more experienced others") who model new language patterns and also
correct errors.
Gives attention to discourse --> language is developed in a specific context rather than in
accordance with universal structures or dispositions
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) correct answers Coined by Vygotsky
Idea that children best learn when presented with tasks or challenges that they can accomplish
with the help of others, but not alone. The set of challenges that a child can accomplish with
assistance or scaffolding fall within their ZPD
Discovery Learning Theory correct answers Developed by Jerome Bruner
Posits that students learn best when they construct their own knowledge through a process of
inquiry, investigation, and problem-solving rather than when a teacher or parent tells them
explicitly what to do.
Bruner believes that stages of learning are continuous, and that children could speed up their
progression through the stages. He also theorized that language causes cognitive development
rather than vice-versa
Bruner is a constructivist --> emphasizing active role of learner in building understanding
through successively more complex engagements with the world
Critical Period Hypothesis correct answers Wilbur Penfield --> Eric Lenneberg
Argues that there is an optimal age for learning a language and that the ease with which a person
can learn languages declines over time
Eric Lenneberg argued that language learning is dependent on brain plasticity, which in human is
at an optimal level for learning from age 2 to puberty
Hypothesis has been extended to L2 learning based on the claim that adults rarely achieve full
fluency in a second language learned later in life
, Similar to Chomsky/Universal Grammar School in the idea that there are certain biological
potentials for and limitations to language learning.
Connectionist Theories of Language Acquisition correct answers Look to advances in knowledge
of how neurons function in order to explain how learning occurs and connects to computer
science
Ex. the more frequently a given set of neurons fires in tandem, the more established that neuron
network becomes
Learning is seen as the development of specific connections in an otherwise general network in
response to environmental stimuli. Comp scientists attempt to use this when building AI -->
silicon chips playing the role of simplified neurons
Models rely on statistical, inferential learning rather than on the symbol and rule-based learning
typically advanced by non-computational models
Emergentist Theory of Language Acquisition correct answers Suggests that children learn
language by using a simple but adaptable set of neural networks to process and understand the
complex linguistic environment they are immersed in
Suggests that children are born with a pattern extraction ability that is effectuated by the growth
and strengthening of neural networks
Social interaction is critical for language development but focuses on the brain's ability to find
patterns and extract meaning
Competition Model of Language Acquisition correct answers Brian MacWhinney and Elizabeth
Bates
Argues that there is no fundamental difference in how people acquire a first language or learn
subsequent languages
Various cognitive processes compete to offer the best interpretation of the language cues offered
to the language learner by the surrounding environment
Focuses on the development and consolidation of neural networks in the brain --> a type of
connectionist theory of language learning
Rejects the ideal of innate linguistic structures in the brain. Language develops, instead, through
interaction of generalized cognitive structures in the brain with the environment
Model of First-Language Acquisition correct answers Timelines for L1 learning:
1. Pre-Speech Stage (0-6 months): babies produce comfort signs while paying attention to
spoken language and beginning to distinguish phonemes
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