(III) What is the periodic trend of effective nuclear charge? - Answers-it increases from left to right across periodic table because of increase in positive charge in nucleus
it decreases as one descends a group because of a larger electron cloud (more inner electrons)
(III) What is the primar...
MCAT BIOLOGY QUIZ WITH ANSWERS.
(III) Differences between the right and left ventricle of the heart - Answers-Right
ventricle: feeds pulmonary circulation; generates less force and faces less resistance
(bc circulation is much shorter)
Left ventricle: feeds systemic circulation, generates more force and faces more
resistance (bc longer circulation)
(III) In an electric field (such as one that would be used in SDS PAGE), what charges
are the anodes and cathodes? - Answers-Anode: positively charged
Cathode: negatively charged
(III) What is mutarotation? - Answers-The initial opening and subsequent closing of a
cyclic hemiacetal chain, resulting in a mixture of anomers (alpha and beta)
(III) What is the difference between (d)- and D- configurations in stereochemistry? -
Answers-(d)- means dextrorotatory. D- refers to a molecule with a chiral carbon similar
to D-glyceraldehyde (which is actually levorotatory)
(III) What is a vector? - Answers-The sum of all displacements
(III) What is the essence of the continuity equation (in laminar flow)? - Answers-While
velocity of fluid at a more narrow point (smaller cross-sectional area) is greater than at
wider points, the volume displaced per given time is always the same
(III) Why does it matter whether a pipe is open or closed when understanding sound
harmonics? - Answers-If a pipe has one closed end, then only odd harmonics can exist
(III) How does one calculate efficiency? - Answers-(load x load distance) / (effort x effort
distance)
Work output / Work input
(III) What is Benedict's reagent? - Answers-A common reagent used to test for reducing
sugars (sugars with hemiacetal groups)
(III) How do we number a sugar chain that forms rings? - Answers-Number them in the
direction from left to right in the planar structure, right to left in the chair conformation
(from the nucleophilic substituent to the carbonyl carbon)
(III) When an enzyme is saturated with substrate, what effect does adding more
substrate do? - Answers-No significant effect
,(III) What is the periodic trend of effective nuclear charge? - Answers-it increases from
left to right across periodic table because of increase in positive charge in nucleus
it decreases as one descends a group because of a larger electron cloud (more inner
electrons)
(III) What is the primary factor that changes a solubility product constant (Ksp)? -
Answers-Temperature
*Important Takeaway*: Concentrations do NOT affect Ksp
(III) What changes during a phase change? - Answers-Entropy and Density
(III) Describe acid anhydrides. - Answers-They're highly reactive compounds, formed by
condensation of two carboxylic acids. They're NOT soluble in water due to their high
reactivity
(III) What does chymotrypsin do? - Answers-It preferentially cleaves peptide bonds next
to large hydrophobic amino acids.
(III) What kind of reactants can undergo aldol condensation? - Answers-Aldehydes!
(III) Describe the pathway of blood flow - Answers-As blood moves from heart to lungs,
moving to slightly greater height. Then oxygenated blood returns back to heart and
leaves the aorta in a upward direction, circulates throughout the body, and returns back
up to the heart through the veins
(III) How is serotonin released from neurons? - Answers-Via exocytosis (only way many
many molecules can be released from the cell at one time)
(III) What type of molecules are capable of diffusing across a cell membrane? -
Answers-Relative small (and/or planar) or nonpolar molecules
(III) How do competitive inhibitors work? - Answers-They bind reversibly to the active
site and increase Km (decrease affinity of the enzyme)
They are the PRIMARY inhibitors that bind to the active site
(III) Consequences of nondisjunction? - Answers-Serious medical conditions (e.g.
monosomy or trisomy)
*But depends on which chromosome is affected. Lower-numbered chromosomes
generally have more genetic material, so it is more likely that it may possess a gene
whose presence/absence may lead to deleterious effects*
(III) What do most inactive enzymes have? - Answers-Modifications to their active site,
or another form of altered tertiary structure
,(III) How can a specific gene code for multiple protein? - Answers-Gene transcription
always results in same primary transcript (pre-mRNA) but it can be processed many
different ways by a nuclear spliceosome, forming different mRNAs and thus different
proteins
(III) Where do normal gut flora hang out? - Answers-In the cecum
(III) What are the features of gram-negative organisms? - Answers-Relatively thin cell
walls with periplasmic space
(III) What occurs in DNA repair? - Answers-Base is excised by restriction enzyme,
replaced by polymerase, and finally linked to bases around it by DNA ligase
(III) What do topoisomerases do? - Answers-They relax and wind/unwind DNA for
synthesis
(III) Formula for osmotic pressure - Answers-Π=iMRT (i = # particles in solution per
original formula unit)
(III) Where does the majority of water reabsorption occur in the nephron? - Answers-
The descending limb of the loop of Henle
(III) When do cells lose totipotency? - Answers-At a very early embryonic stage
(III) What is Korsakoff's syndrome? - Answers-Its a disorder in which cofabulation is
often a common symptom, where the subject will produce distorted memory without the
intention to deceive
(III) What is working memory involved in? - Answers-Reasoning and comprehension.
Processing information
(III) What is fundamental attribution error? - Answers-Tendency to over-value
dispositional/personality-based causes for behavior while under-valuing role of external
circumstances (for BOTH the self and others)
(III) What is self-effacing bias? - Answers-Attributing success to external factors
(opposite of self-serving bias)
(III) What is the humanistic perspective? - Answers-A belief in free will as the foremost
determinant in behavior (focus on cognitive thinking, in contrast to Behavioral therapy,
which focuses on actions)
(III) What is the Trait perspective? - Answers-It focuses on measuring aspects of
personality that are able to be grouped into stable patterns of thought and behavior
, (III) What is the concept of belief perseverance? - Answers-When presented with
information of varying opinion, people are more likely to believe information that
confirms their opinion and discount evidence which refutes/contradicts it (similar to the
confirmation bias)
(III) How do we increase statistical significance of a study's results? - Answers-Increase
the number of data points in the study (often by incorporating data from other studies)
(III) What is residential segregation? - Answers-The result of separation of different
groups into neighborhoods (not related to disparities caused by location of
neighborhood or restriction of access to resources, which is spatial inequality)
(III) What would substance addiction be classified under? - Answers-Personal deviance
(III) What is the conflict theory? - Answers-Power differentials exist between social
classes and these differences breed interclass competition. Individuals work to maintain
their advantage and thus the power differentials persist
(III) What does cognitive therapy do? - Answers-Replace one attribution with another
attribution
(III) What is Lamarckian inheritance? - Answers-Belief in "use and disuse" inheritance.
Biological traits could be modified during individual's lifetime. Applies today more
accurately to cultural evolution
(III) What kind of reasoning do most scientific studies appeal to? - Answers-Inductive
reasoning
(III) What kind of function is a path-dependent function? - Answers-Work
(III) What is the quickest way to heat any object? - Answers-Use a convection oven
(utilize convection and radiation)
(III) When would work be positive and negative? - Answers-Positive = work is done by
system
Negative = work is done on system
(III) What standard units are used in the P-V diagram? - Answers-Pressure: Pascal
Volume: m^3
(III) What is the essence of the Second Law of Thermodynamics - Answers-Entropy of
the universe is always increasing, systems in nature tend towards states of higher
entropy. Also, engines can never work with 100% efficiency, since there is always some
heat loss to the environment
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