psychology correct answers study of behavior and mental process; most work for clinical practice in higher edu. areas.
sub-fields of psych/research correct answers 1. basic: calculating data to support/refute theories
2. applied: changing behaviors and outcomes, helps generate behavioral interv...
Psych. 2301 Exam 1 (Ch.1 - 3) || A+ Graded Already.
psychology correct answers study of behavior and mental process; most work for clinical
practice in higher edu. areas.
sub-fields of psych/research correct answers 1. basic: calculating data to support/refute theories
2. applied: changing behaviors and outcomes, helps generate behavioral interventions for
children w/ sensory issues (autism).
goals of psych correct answers 1. describe
2. explain
3. predict
4. control
Plato (nature) correct answers truth and knowledge exist in the soul -- born with a form of innate
knowledge (philosophy); contribution of nature in human capacity for cognition
Aristotle (nurture) correct answers Plato's student; believed we know reality through perceptions
and learn through sensory experiences -- empiricism; knowledge comes from experiences
Descartes correct answers "I think, therefore I am"; dualism -- the mind and body work
separately
Fechner correct answers studied sensation as a physicist; one of founders of physiological
psychology; laid foundations for perception and sensation
Wundt correct answers founded 1st psych lab in Germany; "father of psych"; overall aim:
measure psych processes through introspection (examining and reflecting on the self)
Titchner correct answers structuralism; used introspection to determine structure and basic
elements of the mind
James correct answers functionalism (function of thought processes, feelings, behaviors and how
they help up adapt to environment); inspired by Darwin
Mary Whiton Caukins correct answers not allowed to grad. b/c woman
Margaret Floyd Washburn correct answers 1st woman to receive PhD for psych
Mainie Phipps Clarke correct answers psych PhD; studied effects of prejudice and segregation
on children, how it affected their self esteem
behaviorism correct answers study of observable behavior
Sigmund Freud correct answers psychoanalytic; interested in abnormal functioning and
unconscious thought; personality is shaped by unconscious conflict
,- believed behavior and personality are influenced by conflict between one's inner desires (i.e.
sexual and aggressive impulses) vs. expectations of society
Pavlov correct answers behavioral/behaviorism; studied canine digestion
- dogs salivated when he rang a bell
- classical conditioning: learning to reply/expect something from a given stimuli
B.F. Skinner correct answers behavioral; studied behaviors and their consequences
- operant conditioning: type of learning occurs when behaviors are rewarded or punished
Rogers and Maslow correct answers humanistic; believed people change for the better (positive
growth)
- optimistic focus on human behavior
Miller correct answers cognitive psych; renewed focus on mental processes, including physio.
explanations
- examines mental processes that direct behavior (i.e. thinking, memory, lang.)
cognitive neuroscience correct answers explores physiological explanations for mental processes
-- searching for connections between behavior and human nervous system (esp. the brain)
Darwin correct answers evolution; natural selection (survival of the fittest); people change
depending on environment
biological correct answers use knowledge about underlying physiology to explain behavior and
mental processes (hormones, genes, brain drive behavior and cognition)
Vygotsky correct answers sociocultural; understand behavior by examining influences of other
people and the larger culture
- i.e. Mamie Phipps Clarke (racial prejud. and seg. study on children)
biopsychosocial correct answers examine biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
influencing behaviors
- suggests that these factors are highly interactive
pseudopsychology correct answers fake psychology
- i.e. numerology, astrology, horoscopes
- NOT driven by critical thinking
- NOT supported by empirical/objective evidence
critical thinking correct answers process of weighing various pieces of evidence then
synthesizing, then determining how each contributes to the bigger picture
- must consider source of info and quality of evidence before making a decision
- moving beyond defs and focusing on underlying concepts of the app
- being open-minded and skeptical at the same time
- psych is driven by critical thinking
, scientific method correct answers process scientists use to conduct research
- includes continual cycle of exploration, critical thinking, and systematic observation
goal of scientific method correct answers provide empirical evidence
empirical evidence correct answers data from systematic observations/experiments
experiment correct answers controlled procedure involving careful examination through the use
of scientific observation and/or manipulation of variables (measurable characteristic)
five steps to scientific method correct answers 1. develop a question
2. develop a hypothesis
3. design study and collect data
4. analyze data
5. publish the findings
1. develop a question correct answers researcher observes something interesting in environment
and comes up with a question
2. develop a hypothesis correct answers statement that can be used to test a prediction
- already existing theories can be looked at during this step
3. design study and collect data correct answers - assessment tool
- study can be experimental or descriptive
- data collected using controlled measurement techniques
4. analyze the data correct answers 1. descriptive statistics: organize and present data
2. inferential statistics: go beyond simply describing data set, can move into making
inferences/probability statements
- determines whether hypothesis is supported
5. publish the findings correct answers publishing/writing a scientific article for scholarly/peer
review
- peer review: notoriously meticulous; provides that the findings can be trusted
operational definition correct answers specify precise manner in which the characteristics of
interest are defined in measure
theory correct answers synthesizes observations in order to explain phenomena and can be used
to make predictions to be tested through research
variables correct answers measurable characteristics that can vary over time or across people
population correct answers all members of an identified group about which a researcher is
interested
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