different ways of knowing correct answers authority, common sense, intuition, rationalism, empiricism
authority correct answers "someone influential says so"
-if authority figure is wrong, then you might be misled (trust but always verify)
-authorities tend to discourage questions
common se...
Psych 203 Exam 1 (Purdue) || very Flawless.
different ways of knowing correct answers authority, common sense, intuition, rationalism,
empiricism
authority correct answers "someone influential says so"
-if authority figure is wrong, then you might be misled (trust but always verify)
-authorities tend to discourage questions
common sense (folk wisdom) correct answers what everyone knows or should know
-supplemented by our personal experience
-can be contradictory, confirmation bias gets in the way
intuition correct answers a feeling of knowing
-confirmation bias, overconfidence, hindsight bias
rationalism correct answers a knowledge from reasoning/logic (by deduction)
ex: a 2.0 gpa is needed to graduate. Person X has graduated. Therefore, person x had at least a
2.0 gpa
-if one of your premises is wrong, than you might be misled
-logically valid argument does not equal accurate knowledge
empiricism correct answers knowledge acquired through experience/observation
-personal experiences have to be ignored bc subjective to confirmation bias, availability
heuristic, and placebo effects
confirmation bias correct answers tendency to look for supporting information while discounting
contradictory information (people tend to look for evidence that confirms their beliefs)
availability heuristic correct answers tendency to overestimate a memorable experience or
unusual event
what problems do anecdotes/testimonials pose? correct answers they are selective and subject to
-confirmation bias
-availability heuristic
-placebo effects
what are the distinctive characteristics of the scientific method? correct answers -solvable
problems: can be answered empirically
-systematic empiricism: collecting data in a structured fashion
-publicly available information: replication & peer review
-claims and predictions are falsifiable
systematic empiricism correct answers collecting data in a structured fashion
placebo effect correct answers tendency to report that something works because you expect it to
, falsification correct answers research strategy that emphasizes putting theories to the test by
trying to disprove or falsify them
how does science achieve objectivity? correct answers by eliminating human factors such as
expectation and bias
what does publicly available information entail? correct answers replication: methods used are
reproducible by others
peer review: independent experts evaluate methods, data, and conclusions
four basic assumptions of science correct answers -uniformity in nature (events are orderly and
lawful)
-determinism: what we observe reflects cause-effect relation (cause does not mean invariable or
solely produces)
-discoverability: can identify causes of phenomena of interest
-science as problem solving ?
characteristics of pseudoscience correct answers 1. adopts scientific language, mimics
procedures, notes that data was collected
2. if challenged, divert by shifting burden of proof
3. argues by exclusion=something currently unexplained, therefore "supports my position"
4. complains of shunning because "out of mainstream science"
5. misuses rules of evidence: relies heavily on testimonials, dismisses or rationalizes
contradictory data
institutional review boards correct answers review proposals for conducting human research
levels of IRB review correct answers 1. exempt: no (or minimal) risk
2. expedited: minimal or low risk/stress
3. full: high risk, use of vulnerable populations
-do benefits>costs??
-cannot be completed in another way
IACUC (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee) correct answers considerations:
-vertebrate animals necessary?
-is the research original vs. unnecessarily duplicative?
-number of animals to be used?
-pain, distress, or discomfort?
three Rs of ethically responsible animal research correct answers 1. reduction:use smallest
number of animals possible
2. refinement: use methods that minimize pain, distress and discomfort
3. replacement: where feasible, use invertebrates/computer models, etc.
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