KNES 323 Midterm questions with correct answers
What is integrative physiology and what are some examples of it?
Correct Answer-How body systems work together including all its
chemical and physical processes. Such as feeding, movement,
homeostasis, adaptation to environment
What is the difference between function and process/mechanism?
Correct Answer-Function: explains "why" teleological (why does body
do this) approach
Process/Mechanism: describes "how", mechanistic approach
Which 10 factors are kept homeostatically? Which one is not? Correct
Answer-1. nutrients
2. waste
3. O2 levels
4. CO2 levels
5. pH
6. water
7. electrolytes
8. temperature
9. blood volume
10. blood pressure
*HEART RATE IS NOT KEPT STABLE
,What are 3 errors associated with feedback loops? How do setpoints
work? What is an example of this is the body? Correct Answer-errors:
disease states, over-compensation, competing regulators.
Control pathways oscillate around the setpoint, there is a normal range
of function, doesn't stay constant. Ex) circadian rhythms, body
temperature swings through the day.
What three parts of the cell are used for homeostatic control? What are 2
ways we can control homeostasis? What does successful and failure
compensation lead to? Correct Answer-Three parts: intracellular fluid,
extracellular fluid, outside world
We can control it internally (increasing blood sugar) or externally (going
outside on hot day)
Successful compensation leads to a reestablished homeostasis. Failure
leads to illness and death.
What are polymers and 4 examples of them? How can they be
disassembled? Which is the best macromolecule for energy storage?
Correct Answer-Polymers: large molecules made up of repeating units
of monomers
Carbs, proteins, nucleic acids, and fatty acids
They can be disassembled by hydrolysis (Add water to break the bond)
Fats are the best for storing energy because they dont take up much
space.
What type of macromolecule are saccharides? What are
monosaccharides? What are they used for? What shapes can they form?
,Are monosaccharides or polysaccharides used first and why? Correct
Answer-Sugars. Monosaccharides are the simplest sugars used for fuel
or stored as organic molecules. They can be linear or can form rings
Monosaccharides are used first because they are small and easily
digestable (dont require breaking down) (less catabolism needed to
release energy)
What are 2 types of storage polysaccharides? What is one structural
polysaccharide? Correct Answer-Storage polysaccharides:
1. starch: polymer of glucose monomers seen in plants
2. glycogen: glucose monomers, storage form of glucose in animals
Structural polysaccharide:
1. cellulose: polymer of glucose seen in plant cell walls, difficult to
break down so not good option to recieve energy
What is the structure of lipids? What is the difference between saturated
and unsaturated fats and what are their states? Correct Answer-Lipids
formed from a single glycerol +3 fatty acids.
Saturated: max # of H+ atoms, no double bonds, solids
Unsaturated: one or more double bonds, liquids
What do phospholipids look like and where are they found? What is
their purpose and 2 examples? Correct Answer-They only have 2 fatty
acids attached to a phosphate such as steroids and cholesterol. They are
precursors for some hormones They are found in cell membranes
(phospholipid bilayer)
, What are proteins bad at (What are they not used for)? What are they
good at? What are enzymes and one example? Correct Answer-Proteins
are bad at storing energy so we get very little out of them and are only
the last choice for energy stores. They are good at everything else.
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by
decreasing the activation energy needed to get an action potential.
Phosphofructokinase.
What are polypeptides? How are they linked? What consists of a protein
and how are proteins differentiated? Correct Answer-Polypeptides are
polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Proteins consist of at
least one polypeptide and are different in their residual (R) groups due to
20 different amino acids.
What are the 4 levels protein structure? Correct Answer-1. Primary:
unique sequence of amino acids
2. Secondary: folding/ coiling of polypeptide including alpha helix and
beta pleated sheet
3. Tertiary: 3D shape of polypeptide resulting from interactions between
amino acids and R groups
4. Quaternary: overall protein structure or polypeptides coming together
(2+)
What is denaturation? How is sickle cell anemia formed? Correct
Answer-Denaturation: when a protein UNRAVELS and loses its native
conformation (change physical secondary and tertiary structure so its
useless)
What is integrative physiology and what are some examples of it?
Correct Answer-How body systems work together including all its
chemical and physical processes. Such as feeding, movement,
homeostasis, adaptation to environment
What is the difference between function and process/mechanism?
Correct Answer-Function: explains "why" teleological (why does body
do this) approach
Process/Mechanism: describes "how", mechanistic approach
Which 10 factors are kept homeostatically? Which one is not? Correct
Answer-1. nutrients
2. waste
3. O2 levels
4. CO2 levels
5. pH
6. water
7. electrolytes
8. temperature
9. blood volume
10. blood pressure
*HEART RATE IS NOT KEPT STABLE
,What are 3 errors associated with feedback loops? How do setpoints
work? What is an example of this is the body? Correct Answer-errors:
disease states, over-compensation, competing regulators.
Control pathways oscillate around the setpoint, there is a normal range
of function, doesn't stay constant. Ex) circadian rhythms, body
temperature swings through the day.
What three parts of the cell are used for homeostatic control? What are 2
ways we can control homeostasis? What does successful and failure
compensation lead to? Correct Answer-Three parts: intracellular fluid,
extracellular fluid, outside world
We can control it internally (increasing blood sugar) or externally (going
outside on hot day)
Successful compensation leads to a reestablished homeostasis. Failure
leads to illness and death.
What are polymers and 4 examples of them? How can they be
disassembled? Which is the best macromolecule for energy storage?
Correct Answer-Polymers: large molecules made up of repeating units
of monomers
Carbs, proteins, nucleic acids, and fatty acids
They can be disassembled by hydrolysis (Add water to break the bond)
Fats are the best for storing energy because they dont take up much
space.
What type of macromolecule are saccharides? What are
monosaccharides? What are they used for? What shapes can they form?
,Are monosaccharides or polysaccharides used first and why? Correct
Answer-Sugars. Monosaccharides are the simplest sugars used for fuel
or stored as organic molecules. They can be linear or can form rings
Monosaccharides are used first because they are small and easily
digestable (dont require breaking down) (less catabolism needed to
release energy)
What are 2 types of storage polysaccharides? What is one structural
polysaccharide? Correct Answer-Storage polysaccharides:
1. starch: polymer of glucose monomers seen in plants
2. glycogen: glucose monomers, storage form of glucose in animals
Structural polysaccharide:
1. cellulose: polymer of glucose seen in plant cell walls, difficult to
break down so not good option to recieve energy
What is the structure of lipids? What is the difference between saturated
and unsaturated fats and what are their states? Correct Answer-Lipids
formed from a single glycerol +3 fatty acids.
Saturated: max # of H+ atoms, no double bonds, solids
Unsaturated: one or more double bonds, liquids
What do phospholipids look like and where are they found? What is
their purpose and 2 examples? Correct Answer-They only have 2 fatty
acids attached to a phosphate such as steroids and cholesterol. They are
precursors for some hormones They are found in cell membranes
(phospholipid bilayer)
, What are proteins bad at (What are they not used for)? What are they
good at? What are enzymes and one example? Correct Answer-Proteins
are bad at storing energy so we get very little out of them and are only
the last choice for energy stores. They are good at everything else.
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by
decreasing the activation energy needed to get an action potential.
Phosphofructokinase.
What are polypeptides? How are they linked? What consists of a protein
and how are proteins differentiated? Correct Answer-Polypeptides are
polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Proteins consist of at
least one polypeptide and are different in their residual (R) groups due to
20 different amino acids.
What are the 4 levels protein structure? Correct Answer-1. Primary:
unique sequence of amino acids
2. Secondary: folding/ coiling of polypeptide including alpha helix and
beta pleated sheet
3. Tertiary: 3D shape of polypeptide resulting from interactions between
amino acids and R groups
4. Quaternary: overall protein structure or polypeptides coming together
(2+)
What is denaturation? How is sickle cell anemia formed? Correct
Answer-Denaturation: when a protein UNRAVELS and loses its native
conformation (change physical secondary and tertiary structure so its
useless)
