Antoni van Leewenhoek ✔️Invented microscopes, described organisms found
Louis Pasteur ✔️Swan neck flask, disproved spontaneous generation, showed microbes helped
fermentation, sugar to alcohol, sugar to acids
Spontaneous Generation ✔️Belief that living things can arise from nonliving matter
Microbiology ✔️Study of organisms too small to be seen by the unaided eye
Germ Theory of Disease ✔️Louis Pasteur discovered microbes caused disease
Pathogen ✔️A specific germ that causes disease
Robert Koch ✔️Belief that a specific microbe causes a specific disease
Koch's postulates ✔️Experimental steps used to prove his theory
Ignaz Semmelweis ✔️Handwashing
Joseph Lister ✔️Antiseptic techniques and disinfecting
Florence Nightingale ✔️Nursing, antisepsis, aseptic technique (no contaminating)
John Snow ✔️Infection control, epidemiologist
, Edward Jenner ✔️Developed vaccinations
Genomics ✔️Study of an organism's genes
Beadle and Tatum ✔️Believed enzymes (proteins) are encoded in genes
Avery, MacLeod, McCarty ✔️Believed DNA is hereditary material, not protein
Jacob and Monod ✔️Discovered role of mRNA in protein synthesis
Genome sequencing ✔️Study of order of genes in a genome
Carol Woese ✔️Discovered three cell groups instead of two: Bacteria, Eukaryotes, Prokaryotes
Paul Ehrlich ✔️Magic Bullets
Alexander Fleming ✔️Discovered first antibiotic from observing the mold Penicillum killed
Staphylococcus
Ivanowsky ✔️Suggested a plant infection might be caused by a filterable toxin produced by bacteria
Beijernick ✔️Convinced that the filtered solution contained a new form of infectious agent, which he
named virus meaning poison
Genetic Engineering ✔️Manipulate genes in microbes, plants, and animals for practical application
Recombinant DNA technology ✔️Studied by Paul Berg from two or more sources is incoprorated into a
single recombinant molecule