Maryville University Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1
Study Guide questions with correct answers
Describe the characteristics of apoptosis. Correct Answer-cell death that
is regulated or programmed
Necrosis Correct Answer-characterized by rapid loss of the plasma
membrane structure, organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction.
Hypoxia is the #1 major cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis
especially to the kidneys and heart. (Myocardial infarction)
Page 52: What's new: Current research supports that after muscle heart
injury that stem cells exist in the heart and differentiate into various
cardiac cell lineages and is profoundly changing the understanding of
myocardial biology!!!
Hypertrophy Correct Answer-(increase in size of cell) Another cellular
adaptation that can actually be beneficial is hypertrophy of myocardial
cells such as in endurance training - this is referred to as physiologic
hypertrophy. Versus Pathologic hypertrophy that occurs secondary to
HTN.
Hyperplasia: (increase in # of cells) Correct Answer-Compensatory:
removal of 70% of liver - can regenerate in about 2 weeks. Pathological:
endometrial hyperplasia
, Metaplasia Correct Answer-(replacement of cells) normal columnar
ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced by
stratified squamous epithelial cells. Can be reversed if irritant stopped
Cellular metabolism Correct Answer-During ischemia, what effect does
the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level have on cells?
ATP=energy Correct Answer-Needs Oxygen - aerobic metabolism
A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-
potassium (Na+, K+) pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which
leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and
diffusion of potassium out of the cell. (The Na+, K+ pump is discussed
in Chapter 1.) Sodium and water then can enter the cell freely, and
cellular swelling results.
What happens when oxygen reserves are depleted? Correct Answer-
Anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis)
Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which
diseases? Correct Answer-A free radical is an electrically uncharged
atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron. Having one
unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus to stabilize, it gives
up an electron to another molecule or steals one. Therefore, it is capable
of injurious chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids,
carbohydrates—key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
Cardiovascular, HTN, IHD. Emerging data indicate that reactive oxygen
species play major roles in the initiation and progression of
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