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Advanced Pathology NR 507- final exam CORRECT 100%
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  • NR 507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Angle of His - ANSWER Creates a flap valve effect to prevent reflux and makes gastro esophageal junction longer which increases the pressure GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) - ANSWER A digestive disease in which stomach acid or bile irritates the food pipe lining. Obesity makes the angl...

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  • October 26, 2024
  • 118
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

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  • advanced pathology nr 507
  • advanced pathology nr 507 final exam correct 100
  • angle of his answer creates a flap valve effect
  • gerd gastroesophageal reflux disease answer a

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  • NR 507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • NR 507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

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Advanced Pathology NR 507- final exam
CORRECT 100%
Angle of His - ANSWER Creates a flap valve effect to prevent reflux and makes gastro esophageal junction
longer which increases the pressure



GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) - ANSWER A digestive disease in which stomach acid or bile
irritates the food pipe lining.



Obesity makes the angle of His a widened angle which decreases the pressure at the gastro esophageal
junction



big fatty meals and carbonation stretches the stomach out which thins out the muscles around the
stomach which decreases the pressure on the flap valve



Hypotonic lower esophageal sphincter also allows reflux, as well as hiatal hernia, gastroparesis, and
obesity



heartburn and regurgitation are typical symptoms



chest pain, hoarseness, cough, asthma, and globus (lump in throat) are atypical for classic GERD



Associated symptoms are dyspepsia, epigastric pain, bloating, belching, and nausea



H.Pylori bacteria is associated with GERD



Barrett's esophagus - ANSWER caused by exposure to enzymes coming from the stomach - stomach acid
does not cause this - so can have non-acid reflux Barrett's esophagus

, diaphram - ANSWER a muscle that separates the chest from the abdominal cavity



also makes up the lower esophageal sphincter



The top 1/3 of the esophagus is ______________ muscle. - ANSWER skeletal muscle



the middle of the esophagus muscle is made up of...muscle - ANSWER skeletal and smooth muscle



the bottom 1/3 of the esophagus is made up of....muscle - ANSWER smooth muscle



simple obstruction of the GI tract - ANSWER result from the blockage of the intestine.



Causes of simple obstructions include adhesions, hernias, tumors, or even ingestion of inorganic objects
that become lodged within the intestine.



intussusception, or the telescoping of the intestinal wall onto itself, is more common in children less than
2 years of age,



surgical adhesions are more common in adults.



Ingestion of objects that result in simple obstructions are more common during the toddler years.



Functional obstructions occur because of a lack of gut motility, such as during a paralytic ileus



peptic ulcer disease - ANSWER ulcer formation in the GI tract that affects the lining of the stomach
(gastric ulcer) or duodenum (duodenal ulcer) or lower part of the esophagus (esophageal ulcer)



form due to gastric acid and pepsin and the breakdown of the stomach lining



Risk factors for developing PUD include:

, NSAID use.

Age greater than 65 years.

Genetic predisposition.

Alcohol ingestion.



the role of the stomach - ANSWER to liquify food by churning it and using enzymes and acid to assist in
the breakdown



pylorus - ANSWER a muscle like structure that squeezes food down into the duodenum



can become scarred and lead to obstruction with gastric ulcers



the mucosa layer of the stomach lining - ANSWER secrets mucosa rich in bicarbonate - it protects the
lining of the stomach from acid



has gastric pits that contain parietal cells, chief cells, and G-cells



parietal cells - ANSWER secrete HCl (hydrochloric acid) and intrinsic factor



chief cells - ANSWER secrete pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin via the action of hydrochloric acid



G-cells - ANSWER releases gastrin



submucosa - ANSWER on top of mucosa



contains connective tissue, nerves, and vessels



Muscularis Externa - ANSWER on top of the submucosa

, three smooth muscle layers: aid in peristalysis



serosa - ANSWER on top of muscularis externa



outer layer of connective tissue that connects to organs



Good and Bad key players in peptic ulcer disease - ANSWER Good: "defense system"

bicarb = coats and protects cells

prostaglandins = regulates perfusion to stomach and mucus to release bicarb, controls acid amount
secreted by parietal cells



Bad: "toxic system"

ulcer (H. Pylori, NSAIDs, etc) = acid penetrates mucosa = histamine released = parietal cells release even
more HCL acid = more stomach irritation



HCL acid via parietal cells + Pepsinogen via chief cells = pepsin



Heliobacter pylori - ANSWER spiral shaped bacteria that is the cause of most gastric ulcers



produces urease which breaks down urea = ammonia & carbon dioxide = neutralizes acid and breaks
down mucosa



spreads through oral/oral or oral/fecal



NSAIDs effect on gastric system - ANSWER decreases production of prostaglandins = impacts the health
of the stomach



Zollinger-Ellison syndrome - ANSWER Gastrin-secreting tumor associated with ulcers = increased
stomach acid

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