NR 507: Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm
100% ACCURATE
Asthma - ANSWER Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive inflammatory response
in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - ANSWER coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - ANSWER -airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth
muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles - ANSWER smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - ANSWER innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria - ANSWER the middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria - ANSWER embedded with connective tissue cells and immune cells
, purpose of the lamina propria - ANSWER white blood cells are present to help protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - ANSWER the WBCs protective
feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response that damages host tissue
3 characteristics of bronchitis - ANSWER bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive years
Perfusion - ANSWER The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the
body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion - ANSWER cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis - ANSWER there is hypoxia due to unfavorable conditions
for gas exchange
Right to left shunting - ANSWER when blood passes from the right ventricle through the lungs and to the
left ventricle without perfusion
Causes of bronchitis - ANSWER -long term exposure to environmental irritants
-repeated episodes of acute infection (RSV infection in early infancy)
-Factors affecting gestational childhood lung development (preterm birth)
Pathogenesis of bronchitis - ANSWER -Exposure to airborne irritants
- Irritant activates bronchial smooth muscle constriction and mucus secretion
, - Triggers release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells located in the lamina propria
most common irritant with bronchitis is? - ANSWER tobacco product smoke
what does long term exposure to irritants promote in bronchitis? (5) - ANSWER - smooth muscle
hypertrophy
- hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells
- epithelial cell metaplasia
- migration of more WBC to site
- thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membrane
What does smooth muscle hypertrophy do in lungs? - ANSWER causes increased bronchoconstriction
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells do what in the bronchials - ANSWER promotes
hypersecretion of mucus
What are characteristics of epithelial cell metaplasia? - ANSWER squamous cells become nonciliated and
are less protective; allow passage of toxins and WBCs
What does the migration of WBCs to the bronchials do? - ANSWER increases inflammation of the cite
and causes fibrosis in the bronchial wall
How does the thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membranes effect the lungs? - ANSWER
leads to further narrowing of the bronchial passageways
What acid-base disorder is seen in chronic bronchitis? - ANSWER respiratory acidosis
how does chronic bronchitis lead to respiratory acidosis? - ANSWER hyperinflation of the alveoli causes
CO2 retention
Where does air enter the body? - ANSWER naso and oropharynx (mouth and nose)
100% ACCURATE
Asthma - ANSWER Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive inflammatory response
in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - ANSWER coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - ANSWER -airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth
muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles - ANSWER smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - ANSWER innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria - ANSWER the middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria - ANSWER embedded with connective tissue cells and immune cells
, purpose of the lamina propria - ANSWER white blood cells are present to help protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - ANSWER the WBCs protective
feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response that damages host tissue
3 characteristics of bronchitis - ANSWER bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive years
Perfusion - ANSWER The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the
body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion - ANSWER cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis - ANSWER there is hypoxia due to unfavorable conditions
for gas exchange
Right to left shunting - ANSWER when blood passes from the right ventricle through the lungs and to the
left ventricle without perfusion
Causes of bronchitis - ANSWER -long term exposure to environmental irritants
-repeated episodes of acute infection (RSV infection in early infancy)
-Factors affecting gestational childhood lung development (preterm birth)
Pathogenesis of bronchitis - ANSWER -Exposure to airborne irritants
- Irritant activates bronchial smooth muscle constriction and mucus secretion
, - Triggers release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells located in the lamina propria
most common irritant with bronchitis is? - ANSWER tobacco product smoke
what does long term exposure to irritants promote in bronchitis? (5) - ANSWER - smooth muscle
hypertrophy
- hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells
- epithelial cell metaplasia
- migration of more WBC to site
- thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membrane
What does smooth muscle hypertrophy do in lungs? - ANSWER causes increased bronchoconstriction
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells do what in the bronchials - ANSWER promotes
hypersecretion of mucus
What are characteristics of epithelial cell metaplasia? - ANSWER squamous cells become nonciliated and
are less protective; allow passage of toxins and WBCs
What does the migration of WBCs to the bronchials do? - ANSWER increases inflammation of the cite
and causes fibrosis in the bronchial wall
How does the thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membranes effect the lungs? - ANSWER
leads to further narrowing of the bronchial passageways
What acid-base disorder is seen in chronic bronchitis? - ANSWER respiratory acidosis
how does chronic bronchitis lead to respiratory acidosis? - ANSWER hyperinflation of the alveoli causes
CO2 retention
Where does air enter the body? - ANSWER naso and oropharynx (mouth and nose)
