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BIO 270 Exam 4 (final) – Hynd Exam Study Guide Solutions
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BIO 270 Exam 4 (final) – Hynd Exam Study Guide Solutions endocrinology - ANSWER-study of homeostatic activities accomplished by hormones hormone - ANSWER-chemical released into blood to regulate distant target cells hormones exert effect on _____ cells some distance away from the site of rele...

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  • October 30, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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©EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024




BIO 270 Exam 4 (final) – Hynd Exam Study

Guide Solutions


endocrinology - ANSWER✔✔-study of homeostatic activities accomplished by hormones


hormone - ANSWER✔✔-chemical released into blood to regulate distant target cells


hormones exert effect on _____ cells some distance away from the site of release - ANSWER✔✔-target


major glands of the central endocrine system - ANSWER✔✔-hypothalamus and pituitary


major glands of the peripheral endocrine system - ANSWER✔✔-thyroid, adrenal, parathyroid, gonads


major processes the endocrine system can regulate include... - ANSWER✔✔-- reproduction, growth and

development


- elecrolyte/water/nutrient balance of blood


- cellular metabolism/energy balance


- immune defenses




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, ©EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024




phospholipids - ANSWER✔✔-double layered barrier that allows only small, non-polar (lipid, steroids,

etc.) across


on the outer region of phospholipids, polar heads are (hydrophilic/hydrophobic) - ANSWER✔✔-

hydrophilic (attracted to water)


on the center region of phospholipids, tails are (hydrophilic/hydrophobic) - ANSWER✔✔-hydrophobic

(deterrent of water)


endocrine gland - ANSWER✔✔-structure that synthesizes and secretes hormones into the blood


exocrine gland - ANSWER✔✔-structure that synthesizes and secretes a product by way of a duct to an

external environment (sweat glands, pancreatic acini)


tropic hormone - ANSWER✔✔-hormone that regulates production and secretion of another hormone


(endocrine/exocrine) glands are ductless - ANSWER✔✔-endocrine


types of hormones - ANSWER✔✔-hydrophilic, lipophilic


hydrophilic hormones - ANSWER✔✔-highly soluble in water


types of hydrophilic hormones - ANSWER✔✔-peptide (i.e. insulin), catecholamines (i.e. NE, Epi)


lipophilic hormones - ANSWER✔✔-highly soluble in lipids



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types of lipophilic hormones - ANSWER✔✔-thyroid hormone (derived from tyrosine), steroid hormones

(derived from cholesterol)


processing of peptide hormones - ANSWER✔✔-1. preprohormones are synthesized from rER and

migrate to Golgi in membrane bound vesicles


2. while in ER and golgi, preprohormones are processed into prohormones followed by active hormones


3. golgi packages and labels hormones into secretory vesicles that are stored in cytoplasm until

appropriate signal


4. upon signal, vesicle membrane fuses with plasma membrane and peptide hormone is exocytosed


peptide hormones are synthesized by endocrine as..... - ANSWER✔✔-any protein that is destined for

export from the cell


processing of steroid hormones - ANSWER✔✔-1) Cholesterol is the precursor for all


steroid hormones


2) Enzymatic reactions modify the side groups on cholesterol


(Specific enzymes are localized to


particular steroidogenic organs/glands)


3) Once formed, steroids immediately diffuse through plasma membrane to reach blood

Page 3/58

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FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024




- (Only cholesterol is stored in significant quantities)


4) Following secretion, some steroid hormones, and thyroid hormone, are changed into more potent or

different hormones


peptide hormones dissolve in .... - ANSWER✔✔-blood


how are steroid/thyroid hormones transported? - ANSWER✔✔-cannot dissolve in blood, bind to plasma

proteins


some plasma proteins only carry _____ lipophilic hormones, while others (albumin) pick up ____

hormone - ANSWER✔✔-specific, any


transport of catecholamines - ANSWER✔✔-50% circulate as free hormones, 50% bind to albumin


only (bound/unbound) hormones are active and capable of binding with target cell receptors, why? -

ANSWER✔✔-unbound - ensures large reserve pool to replenish "free" pool


to induce a response, hormones must bind to.... - ANSWER✔✔-receptors associated with their target cell


hormone receptor - ANSWER✔✔-protein that recognizes and binds to a specific hormone, can be on the

plasma membrane or inside the cell


target cell - ANSWER✔✔-have receptors for hormone, will change cellular process when hormone binds




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