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BBH 310 Exam 2 || with 100% Errorless Answers.

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  • BBH 310

Focus of scientific studies correct answers 1. exploratory data collection and analysis (1st step in research) 2. hypothesis testing causal relationship correct answers -one variable directly or indirectly influences another -to claim scientists try to show: association precedence, parsimony, ...

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  • October 31, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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  • BBH 310
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BBH 310 Exam 2 || with 100% Errorless Answers.
Focus of scientific studies correct answers 1. exploratory data collection and analysis (1st step in
research)
2. hypothesis testing

causal relationship correct answers -one variable directly or indirectly influences another
-to claim scientists try to show: association precedence, parsimony, plausibility

association correct answers exists between two variables if a particular value for one variable is
more likely to occur with certain values of the other variable = more smoking means more cancer

precedence correct answers cause has to precede the effect = smoking before lung cancer, took
medicine then improved

parsimony correct answers no other explanations for the data, one clear explanation

plausible correct answers makes sense based on previous understanding and general body of
science

Causal relationships can be.... correct answers 1. unidirectional = A affects B but B does not
affect A
2. bidirectional = A and B affect each other; or 2 variables lead to same outcome

correlational releationship correct answers changes in one variable accompany changes in
another = no cause

Key factors in design correct answers 1. cross sectional or longitudinal
2. observational or interventional

cross sectional study correct answers multiple ages during one time

longitudinal correct answers cohort study; same people, multiple times

cohort correct answers a group of people from a given time period

observational study correct answers observes individuals and measures variables of interest but
does not attempt to influence the responses

Interventional study correct answers -assign variables that are going to affect the participants
-a control variable
-not all experiments are ethical

validity correct answers true ness of the research findings

,threats to validity correct answers -weaknesses in the study that could make the conclusions
misleading or wrong
-7 main

variables of correlational research correct answers 1. predictor variable = used to predict variable
2. criterion variable = variable whos value is being predicted

third variable problem correct answers comes with drawing causal inferences from correlational
results because a third, unmeasured variable affects both measured variables = appear correlated
but aren't

directionality problem correct answers a reason not to infer causality from correlational research,
stating that the direction of causality is sometimes difficult to determine = bullying causes
suicide or depressed kids are bullied

Why do we do correlational research? correct answers -gathering data in the early stages of
research (model of fish)
-inability to manipulate variables (unethical)
-relating naturally occurring variables (ptsd after storms and cannot manipulate weather)

independent variables correct answers -The variable that is manipulated in an experiment. Its
value is determined by the experimenter, not by the subject
-Levels = set values of different amounts as treatment

treatments correct answers a level of IV applied during an experiment

dependent variable correct answers the measure in the study and its value is determined by the
behavior of the subject and may depend on the value of the IV

control group correct answers baseline of behavior against experimental; does not receive
treatment

extraneous variables correct answers any variable that is not systematically manipulated in an
experiment but that still may affect the behavior being observed

demonstrations correct answers a nonexperimental technique in which some phenomenon is
demonstrated and no control group is needed

internal validity correct answers the ability of a research design to adequately test the intended
hypothesis

internal validity in an experiment correct answers showing that variation in IV, and only IV,
caused the observed variation in DV

, internal validity in a correlation correct answers showing that changes in the value of criterion
variable relate solely to changes in the value of your predictor variable and that there are no
extraneous variables

confounding variable correct answers two variables that combine in such a way that the effects
of one cannot be separated from the effects of another

threat to internal validity: history correct answers specific events other than the treatment occur
between observations

threat to internal validity: maturation correct answers performance changes due to age or fatigue
confound the effect of treatment

threat to internal validity: testing correct answers testing prior to treatment changes how subjects
respond to posttreatment testing

threat to internal validity: instrumentation correct answers unobserved changes in observer
criteria or instrument calibration confound the effect of the treatment

threat to internal validity: statistical regression correct answers subjects selected for treatment on
the basis of their extreme scores tend to move closer to the mean on retesting

threat to internal validity: biased selection of subjects correct answers groups of subjects exposed
to different treatments are not equivalent prior to treatment

threat to internal validity: experimental mortality correct answers differential loss of subjects
from the groups of a study results in nonequivalent groups

when can you enhance internal validity? correct answers can be done during design phase of the
study

external validity correct answers the extend to which the results of a study extend beyond the
limited sample used in the study

threat to external validity: reactive testing correct answers a pretest may affect reactions to an
experimental variable

threat to external validity: interactions between selectin biases and the IV correct answers results
may apply only to subjects representing a unique group

threat to external validity: reactive effects of experimental arrangements correct answers
artificial experimental manipulations or the subject's knowledge that he/she is a research subject
may affect results

Threat to external validity: Multiple-Treatment Interference correct answers exposure to early
treatments may affect responses to later treatments

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