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Define the scientific misconduct correct answers "Scientific misconduct is fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing or reviewing research or in reporting research results." What are the 3 Scientific misconduct? correct answers Fabrication Falsification Plagiarism ...

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  • October 31, 2024
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KIN 310 Exam 2 || with 100% Error-free Solutions.
Define the scientific misconduct correct answers "Scientific misconduct is fabrication,
falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing or reviewing research or in reporting
research results."

What are the 3 Scientific misconduct? correct answers Fabrication
Falsification
Plagiarism

Define concept Fabrication correct answers is making up data or results and recording or
reporting them.

Define concept Falsification correct answers is manipulating research materials, equipment, or
processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately
represented in the research record.

Define concept Plagiarism correct answers is the appropriation of another person's ideas,
processes, results or words without giving appropriate credit.

What are the two tools utilized to reduce scientific misconduct? correct answers 1. Peer review
2. Replication

What should human research participants expect what are their rights?
Name the 4 rights correct answers Right to privacy or nonparticipation
Right to remain anonymous
Right to confidentiality
Right to experimenter responsibility
Tuckman (1978)

Why are there subject rights? correct answers To protect subjects and to prevent research studies
like the Tuskegee syphilis study or holocaust study.

What are the 6 Elements of informed consent? correct answers A fair explanation of the
procedures to be followed, including identification of those that are experimental
A description of the attendant discomforts and risks
A description of the benefits to be expected
A disclosure of appropriate alternative procedures that would be advantageous for the participant
An offer to answer any inquiries concerning the procedures
An instruction that the participant is free to withdraw at any time

What are the 4 parts of Ethical research?
C
D
S
S correct answers - Confidentiality
- Debriefing
- Sharing results

,- Sharing benefits

What is the most common way of defining "ethics"? correct answers norms for conduct that
distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior.

Examples of unethical research - Hippocratic oath correct answers Tuskegee Syphilis Study
Stanford Prison
Holocaust Research
- freezing
- twins
- Sterilization

Ethic codes - know the 5 different codes developed (On Exam) correct answers 1. Nuremberg
Code (1947)
2. Declaration of Helsinki (2000)
3. Belmont Report (1979)
4. CIOMS (2002)
5. U.S. Common Rule (1991)

Respect for persons (on Exam)
The principle of respect for persons thus divides into two separate moral requirements: correct
answers 1. The requirement to acknowledge autonomy 2. The requirement to protect those with
diminished autonomy.

Beneficence
Two general rules have been formulated as complementary expressions of beneficent actions in
this sense: correct answers (1) do not harm and (2) maximize possible benefits and minimize
possible harms.

There are 5 ways to define Justice: correct answers (1) to each person an equal share,
(2) to each person according to individual need,
(3) to each person according to individual effort,
(4) to each person according to societal contribution, and
(5) to each person according to merit

Discuss Tuskegee syphilis study - tie in the Deadly deception video correct answers The
Tuskegee experiment was carried out by the US Public Health Service between 1932 and 1972.
It was meant to follow the natural course of syphilis in 399 already infected African American
men in Alabama and 201 uninfected men. The men were not told that they were being used as
research subjects. The experiment had been intended to show the need for additional services for
those infected with syphilis. However, when penicillin became available, the researchers did not
inform or offer the men treatment, even those who were eligible when drafted into the army in
1942. The experiment was stopped in 1972 as "ethically unjustified" when the media exposed it
to public scrutiny.

Holocaust research and the Nuremberg code correct answers Holocaust
During World War II, Nazi doctors conducted as many as 30 different types of experiments on
concentration-camp inmates. They performed these studies without the consent of the victims,

, who suffered indescribable pain, mutilation, permanent disability, or in many cases death as a
result. At the Nuremberg "doctor's trial," which brought 23 German doctors to trial immediately
after the war, prosecutors found 15 defendants guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity;
seven were hung. Here are some of the most notorious
Nuremberg Code
Josepf Mengele, more familiarly known as the 'Angel of death,' is probably the most famous of
the Nazi doctors who used the prisoners in Nazi concentration camps for medical
experimentation. Mengele sought to unlock the genetic basis for a superior race and conducted
ghoulish experiments with precision going even beyond the limits of scientific inquiry. He was
fanatical about twin studies, obsessing over the differences between twins, and would make them
sit together in the nude for hours while he personally examined them leaving no body part
untouched. Furthermore, drawing blood from identical twins was routine, which often left them
bleeding to death. Mengele was also involved in other studies that sought to design better
equipment for the Nazi soldiers, and for this purpose naked prisoners were placed in ice cold vats
to determine the lowest possible temperature in which a human could survive.

What is the IRB?
Institutional Review Board correct answers Institutional Review Board (IRB) mandated by
federal laws and regulations, and is responsible for oversight of all activities involving research
with human subjects.

The Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects serves as the IRB

IRB is committed to providing a comprehensive and compliant Research with Human Subjects
program for researchers, students, and potential human subjects.

Belmont report 3 principles - discuss each give examples of how they could be violated by a
researcher correct answers Basic Ethical Principles
1. Respect for persons
2. Beneficence
3. Justice

10 principles in a research study correct answers 1. Voluntary consent of the participant is
absolutely essential
2. The experiment must be designed to bring forth results that will benefit society and that cannot
be obtained in any other manner
3. Human experimentation should be based on animal research results as well as knowledge of
the natural course of events, disease and problems.
4. All unnecessary mental or physical harm should be avoided
5. When there is reason to believe that death or disabling injury may occur, no experiment should
be conducted
6. The degree of risk should never exceed the humanitarian importance of the problem to be
solved
7. All precaution should be taken to protect subjects from even remote possibilities of injury or
death
8. Only qualified personnel should be allowed to conduct experiments
9. The subject must be able to withdraw from the experiment at any time

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