©THEBRIGHT EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/7/2024 12:35 PM
Praxis PLT k-6 (ETS based questions) Exam
Study Guide
Ability grouping. - answer✔The process of placing students of similar abilities into groups, and
attempting to match instruction to the needs of these groups.
Authentic activity. - answer✔Approach to instruction similar to one students might encounter
in the outside world.
Cognitive apprenticeship - answer✔Mentorship in which a teacher and a student work together
on a challenging task and the teacher gives guidance about how to think about the task.
Collaboration - answer✔A philosophy about how to relate to others—how to learn and work.
Collective self-efficacy - answer✔Shared belief of members of a group that they can be
successful when they work together on a task.
Deductive reasoning - answer✔Process of drawing a logical inference about something that
must be true, given other information that has already been presented as true.
Expository instruction - answer✔Approach to instruction in which information is presented in
more or less the same form in which students are expected to learn it.
Guided participation - answer✔A child's performance, with guidance and support, of an activity
in the adult world.
Heterogeneous ability grouping - answer✔A strategy that groups students of varied ability
instead of by grade/age level.
Inductive reasoning - answer✔Collecting data to draw a conclusion that may or may not be
true.
Learner-centered instruction - answer✔Approach to teaching in which instructional strategies
are chosen largely on the basis of students' existing abilities, predispositions, and needs.
Learner-directed instruction - answer✔Approach to instruction in which students have
considerable say in the issues they address and how to address them.
, ©THEBRIGHT EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/7/2024 12:35 PM
Learning strategy - answer✔Intentional use of one or more cognitive processes for a particular
learning task.
Problem-based learning - answer✔Classroom activity in which students acquire new knowledge
and skills while working on a complex problem similar to those in the outside world.
Reciprocal teaching - answer✔Approach to teaching reading and listening comprehension in
which students take turns asking teacher-like questions of classmates.
Antecedents - answer✔Stimuli that precede and induce behaviors.
Applied behavior analysis - answer✔Systematic application of stimulus-response principles to
address a chronic behavior problem.
Attributions - answer✔Personally constructed causal explanations for a success or failure.
Attribution theory - answer✔Theoretical perspective focusing on people's explanations
(attributions) concerning the causes of events that befall them, as well as on the behaviors that
result from such explanations.
Cognitive dissonance - answer✔Feeling of mental discomfort caused by new information that
conflicts with current knowledge or beliefs
Competence - answer✔Basic need to be effective in dealing with the environment.
Contingency - answer✔Situation in which one event (e.g., reinforcement) happens only after
another event (e.g., a specific response) has already occurred (one event is contingent on the
other's occurrence).
Contingency contract - answer✔Formal agreement between teacher and student that identifies
behaviors the student will exhibit and the reinforcers that will follow.
Expectancy-value theory - answer✔Theoretical perspective proposing that human motivation is
a function of two beliefs: that one can succeed in an activity (expectancy) and that there are
direct or indirect benefits in performing the activity (value).
Functional analysis - answer✔Examination of inappropriate behavior and its antecedents and
consequences to determine one or more purposes (functions) that the behavior might serve for
the learner.
Goal theory - answer✔Theoretical perspective that portrays human motivation as being
directed toward particular goals; the nature of these goals determines the specific ways in
which people think and behave.
, ©THEBRIGHT EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/7/2024 12:35 PM
Humanism - answer✔Philosophical perspective in which people are seen as having tremendous
potential for psychological growth and as continually striving to fulfill that potential. Adherents
to this perspective are called humanists
Locus of causality - answer✔The location—internal or external—of the cause of behavior
Mastery orientation - answer✔General, fairly pervasive belief that one is capable of
accomplishing challenging tasks.
Need for arousal - answer✔Ongoing need for either physical or cognitive stimulation.
Need for competence - answer✔Basic need to believe that one can deal effectively with the
overall environment.
Need for relatedness - answer✔Basic need to feel socially connected to others and to secure
others' love and respect.
Need for self-determination - answer✔Basic need to believe that one has some autonomy and
control regarding the course of one's life.
Negative reinforcement - answer✔Phenomenon in which a response increases as a result of the
removal (rather than presentation) of a stimulus.
Performance-approach goal - answer✔Desire to look good and receive favorable judgments
from others.
Performance-avoidance goal - answer✔Desire not to look bad or receive unfavorable
judgments from others.
Positive psychology - answer✔Theoretical perspective that portrays people as having many
unique qualities that propel them to engage in productive, worthwhile activities; it shares early
humanists' belief that people strive to fulfill their potential but also shares contemporary
psychologists' belief that theories of motivation must be research-based.
Positive reinforcement - answer✔Phenomenon in which a response increases as a result of the
presentation (rather than removal) of a stimulus.
Presentation punishment - answer✔Punishment involving presentation of a new stimulus,
presumably one a learner finds unpleasant.
Primary reinforcer - answer✔Consequence that satisfies a biologically built-in need.
Punishment - answer✔Consequence that decreases the frequency of the response it follows.
11/7/2024 12:35 PM
Praxis PLT k-6 (ETS based questions) Exam
Study Guide
Ability grouping. - answer✔The process of placing students of similar abilities into groups, and
attempting to match instruction to the needs of these groups.
Authentic activity. - answer✔Approach to instruction similar to one students might encounter
in the outside world.
Cognitive apprenticeship - answer✔Mentorship in which a teacher and a student work together
on a challenging task and the teacher gives guidance about how to think about the task.
Collaboration - answer✔A philosophy about how to relate to others—how to learn and work.
Collective self-efficacy - answer✔Shared belief of members of a group that they can be
successful when they work together on a task.
Deductive reasoning - answer✔Process of drawing a logical inference about something that
must be true, given other information that has already been presented as true.
Expository instruction - answer✔Approach to instruction in which information is presented in
more or less the same form in which students are expected to learn it.
Guided participation - answer✔A child's performance, with guidance and support, of an activity
in the adult world.
Heterogeneous ability grouping - answer✔A strategy that groups students of varied ability
instead of by grade/age level.
Inductive reasoning - answer✔Collecting data to draw a conclusion that may or may not be
true.
Learner-centered instruction - answer✔Approach to teaching in which instructional strategies
are chosen largely on the basis of students' existing abilities, predispositions, and needs.
Learner-directed instruction - answer✔Approach to instruction in which students have
considerable say in the issues they address and how to address them.
, ©THEBRIGHT EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/7/2024 12:35 PM
Learning strategy - answer✔Intentional use of one or more cognitive processes for a particular
learning task.
Problem-based learning - answer✔Classroom activity in which students acquire new knowledge
and skills while working on a complex problem similar to those in the outside world.
Reciprocal teaching - answer✔Approach to teaching reading and listening comprehension in
which students take turns asking teacher-like questions of classmates.
Antecedents - answer✔Stimuli that precede and induce behaviors.
Applied behavior analysis - answer✔Systematic application of stimulus-response principles to
address a chronic behavior problem.
Attributions - answer✔Personally constructed causal explanations for a success or failure.
Attribution theory - answer✔Theoretical perspective focusing on people's explanations
(attributions) concerning the causes of events that befall them, as well as on the behaviors that
result from such explanations.
Cognitive dissonance - answer✔Feeling of mental discomfort caused by new information that
conflicts with current knowledge or beliefs
Competence - answer✔Basic need to be effective in dealing with the environment.
Contingency - answer✔Situation in which one event (e.g., reinforcement) happens only after
another event (e.g., a specific response) has already occurred (one event is contingent on the
other's occurrence).
Contingency contract - answer✔Formal agreement between teacher and student that identifies
behaviors the student will exhibit and the reinforcers that will follow.
Expectancy-value theory - answer✔Theoretical perspective proposing that human motivation is
a function of two beliefs: that one can succeed in an activity (expectancy) and that there are
direct or indirect benefits in performing the activity (value).
Functional analysis - answer✔Examination of inappropriate behavior and its antecedents and
consequences to determine one or more purposes (functions) that the behavior might serve for
the learner.
Goal theory - answer✔Theoretical perspective that portrays human motivation as being
directed toward particular goals; the nature of these goals determines the specific ways in
which people think and behave.
, ©THEBRIGHT EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/7/2024 12:35 PM
Humanism - answer✔Philosophical perspective in which people are seen as having tremendous
potential for psychological growth and as continually striving to fulfill that potential. Adherents
to this perspective are called humanists
Locus of causality - answer✔The location—internal or external—of the cause of behavior
Mastery orientation - answer✔General, fairly pervasive belief that one is capable of
accomplishing challenging tasks.
Need for arousal - answer✔Ongoing need for either physical or cognitive stimulation.
Need for competence - answer✔Basic need to believe that one can deal effectively with the
overall environment.
Need for relatedness - answer✔Basic need to feel socially connected to others and to secure
others' love and respect.
Need for self-determination - answer✔Basic need to believe that one has some autonomy and
control regarding the course of one's life.
Negative reinforcement - answer✔Phenomenon in which a response increases as a result of the
removal (rather than presentation) of a stimulus.
Performance-approach goal - answer✔Desire to look good and receive favorable judgments
from others.
Performance-avoidance goal - answer✔Desire not to look bad or receive unfavorable
judgments from others.
Positive psychology - answer✔Theoretical perspective that portrays people as having many
unique qualities that propel them to engage in productive, worthwhile activities; it shares early
humanists' belief that people strive to fulfill their potential but also shares contemporary
psychologists' belief that theories of motivation must be research-based.
Positive reinforcement - answer✔Phenomenon in which a response increases as a result of the
presentation (rather than removal) of a stimulus.
Presentation punishment - answer✔Punishment involving presentation of a new stimulus,
presumably one a learner finds unpleasant.
Primary reinforcer - answer✔Consequence that satisfies a biologically built-in need.
Punishment - answer✔Consequence that decreases the frequency of the response it follows.
