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ARKY 325 Exam 1 || A+ Graded Already.
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Anitquarianism correct answers The collector of antiquities just for the sake of it. - No careful documentation of the context of where these objects were found. - Educated classes displayed their loot in their home (closets of curiosities). - The ownership of these antiquities is disputed to th...

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  • February 4, 2025
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  • 2024/2025
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ARKY 325 Exam 1 || A+ Graded Already.
Anitquarianism correct answers The collector of antiquities just for the sake of it.
- No careful documentation of the context of where these objects were found.
- Educated classes displayed their loot in their home (closets of curiosities).
- The ownership of these antiquities is disputed to this day

Archeological study of civilizations correct answers Nabonidus, last king of the new-babylonian
empire excavated the temple of Ur in Mesopotamia about 2500 ya to better understand Sumerian
culture.

His work contributed to knowledge of ancient Sumer that is still used today.

His motives were partly political claiming descent from earlier Mesopotamian kings: the
Assyrians and the Akkadians through his excavations.

Italian Renaissance and Archaeology correct answers Modern archaeology has its roots in the
Italian Renaissance (14th-16th century).

Growing merchant class became interested in the "Holden age of Rome and Greece" with the
discovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts.

Encourages the looting of ancient sites (beginning of antiquarianism)

Ciriaco de'Pizzicolli (1391-1452) correct answers Spent 25 years studying classics texts to locate
ancient sites around the Mediterranean. He would then go out and record theses sites by writing
down inscriptions, detailed drawings of monuments/architecture.

National Looting correct answers European nations systemically looted antiquities in other
countries and this was part of the competition of European states.

Archaeology as Politics correct answers - Grand tour and closets of curiosities became tied to
colonial agendas of European nations and remain so...
- Colonialism affected the interpretation of civilizations in European colonies as archaeology
developed in the 19th century.
- Today, archaeologists are rarely allowed to remove any artifacts from a country without
government consent.
- Looting sites and taking antiquities destroys peoples pasts and the material evidence of their
histories.

Contemporary Looting and Antiquarianism correct answers - Is fuelled by wealthy private
collectors in the international antiquities market for objects often sold to finance international
terrorism and criminal activity.
- Sites and antiquities are often destroyed for political reasons and the destruction go heritage
sites is now an international crime against humanity.

,Professional Archaeology correct answers By the late 19th century more systematic and
scientific data collection were developed and these became expectations of scientific research
worldwide.

The majority of known ancient sites were first excavated in the 19th and 20th centuries.

How archaeology differs from looting correct answers Scientific study with the goal of
interpreting the past. Important information comes from the context of ancient material that we
recover through careful excavation, detailed recording and mapping.

Context is the spatial and temporal association of an object with other objects in a site. Prefer to
find sites in situ (in its original place).

Situ correct answers in its original place

Sources of data for civilizations correct answers Most information of ancient states comes from
archaeology. But we are also interested in the material that people left of their everyday lives -
including the lives of ordinary people.

Texts correct answers - Written texts provide information about ancient states.
- Not all states had texts or have had their written languages deciphered.
- Texts provides insight into how a society worked and what they thought

Civilization correct answers Civilizations are complex societies that archaeologists usually refer
to as states.

Complexity refers to the complexity of a society' social, economic and political organization.

States are fundamentally different from other types of societies in the complexity of their internal
organization

Evolutionary stages of societies correct answers Suggested that there is an inevitable progress of
societies. The step ladder went from band to tribe to chiefdom to state.

However, this model is no longer accept and all of these are successful societies.

Societies are organized differently based on correct answers - How society makes a living
- Its social organization (kinship, ranks, class, etc)
- How are decisions made (by consensus or by elites)
- Population size and density on the landscape

Complexity correct answers A description of the levels of organization in the different areas of
life within a society. It is not a judgment of value.

Bands correct answers - Hunter-gatherers/foragers
- Small groups of related families where individuals make the objects they need to hunt

,- Low population density within a given territory and mobile
- Generally egalitarian

Tribes (segmentary societies) correct answers - Usually rely to some degree on domesticated
plants and animals and produce some surplus
- More sedentary, larger population with greater density than foragers
- Organized into complex kinship organizations
- Kin-groups hold corporate property (land/animals)
- Decisions made by group of elders within kin-groups

Chiefdoms correct answers - Similar to tribal societies, but kin groups are ranked
- Kin-members are relatively ranked within hierarchy pf at least 2 groups: noble and commoners
- Hereditary chief is head of highest ranked group
- Chiefs perform ritual, economic or military roles but have no means to force others to do their
bidding. These leaders are usually charismatic and persuasive in their role.
- Chiefs receive tribute and in return provide people with protection, perform rituals on behalf of
followers, and they are responsible to fee their people.
Archaeologically chiefs create monumental structure where they perform their roles.
- Sometimes develop large political units called paramount chiefdoms (chiefs of chiefs)

States correct answers - Fundamentally different from other types of societies
- Kinship is not the main principle of organizing society
- True government has full authority over all members of society regardless of kinship
- States authority is backed by force
- Significant economic specialization
- social inequality

Shared elements of ancient states correct answers Urban living: states have densely packed
populations

Centralized government: the state is a centralized power

Exceptions in 16th and 17th century the Abyssinian state of Ethiopia had mobile capitals that
were large enough to qualify as cities.

City States correct answers City as hub of commercial, political, ritual and social activity with
people who have different jobs/status.

These are supported by the hinterland

Territorial states correct answers Cities as political centers where elite/ritual specialists live.

Rest of population lived in rural hinterland in smaller settlements - paid taxes to elite but the city
was not source of services/craft products.

, Cities in general correct answers Defined: large, relatively dense settlement with populations
numbering in the thousands
Central places: offering specialized goods and services
Interdependence: of city/hinterland
Archaeological visibility: scale, monumental architecture, internal spatial complexity

Cities require regulations to correct answers - Resolve disputes
- Acquire and redistribute resources
- Build needed infrastructure (irrigation, trade routes)
- Ideology to legitimate authority and unify population into a system of inequality.

Centralized political units correct answers Nature of governing body varies: despots, kings,
councils, priests.

Monumental architecture includes a state style of art and architecture expressed in palaces,
temples, city walls, elaborate tombs, storage facilities, public buildings (theatres)

States often have standardized systems of writing and/or notation.

Origins of agriculture correct answers - Cities arise about 5500 years ago in no single geographic
origin - arose in many places around the globe
- Until about 12-10,000 years ago all people were hunter-gatherers
- About 10,000 years ago, and in many parts of the world, people began to domesticate plants
and animals
- The origins of agriculture eventually led to large scale food production that is needed to support
urban populations.

Domesticated plants correct answers Wheat, barley, rye, rice, sorghum, millets, maize are major
staples today. All developed in the Neolithic (between 12-5000 years ago)

Produce storage surplus once plants became domesticated. Potatoes, yams, taro, bananas also
from Neolithic support other large populations

V. Gordon Childe: The urban revolution correct answers - Viewed culture change as revolutions:
urban revolution
- Characterized by invention of metallurgy, emergence of FT specialist
- Lived in cities and supported by food from the hinterlands
- Craft resources obtained by traders through long-distance trade
- Economic specialization off workforce = steady pressure to intensify production = invention of
new technologies (irrigation)
- Central authority controls politics and economy and uses writing/bureaucracy to document
taxes, tribute and to organize trade
- Results: Class-based society less reliant on kinship/unified by religious ideology
- Rulers were despots/priest kings who built monuments to show their authority

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