Microbiology
Liberty University
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![Inroduction to medical parasitology](/docpics/3489125/650efa328df3c_3489125_121_171.jpeg)
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Inroduction to medical parasitology
- Class notes • 31 pages • 2023 Popular
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INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY 
The course is designed to enable learners to apply 
the concepts and principles of medical parasitology to 
Course Purpose 
provide nursing care to patients/clients. 
Describe classification, characteristics, the life cycle 
and pathology of parasites of medical importance. 
Carry out and interpret procedures for identification 
Learning Outcomes 
By the end of the course the learner will be able to: 
1. 
2. 
of parasites. 
1. Apply parasitological concepts ...
![STRAIGHTERLINE MICROBIOLOGY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE & UPDATED SOLUTIONS](/docpics/3597361/6525b0654de80_3597361_121_171.jpeg)
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STRAIGHTERLINE MICROBIOLOGY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE & UPDATED SOLUTIONS
- Exam (elaborations) • 13 pages • 2023
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STRAIGHTERLINE MICROBIOLOGY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE & UPDATED SOLUTIONS 
 
In the nitrogen cycle, which of the following steps involves removal of nitrogen from the atmosphere by bacteria? Correct Answer Nitrogen Fixation 
 
If enough H+ ions are added to pure water to raise the H+ concentration of the solution to ten times higher than the original concentration, what is the resulting OH- concentration of the solution? Correct Answer 10-8 M 
 
Fungi are able to reproduce asexually by ...
![Mosquito lifecycle](/docpics/3499870/6511c72f98b1f_3499870_121_171.jpeg)
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Mosquito lifecycle
- Class notes • 58 pages • 2023
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Period of Schizogony 
•	Breaking of erythrocytesParoxysm. 
•	Tertian – 48 hr erythrocytes break; attacks every other day, P. vivax and P. ovale. 
Period of Schizogony 
•	Breaking of erythrocytesParoxysm. 
•	Tertian – 48 hr erythrocytes break; attacks every other day, P. vivax and P. ovale. 
•	Quartan – 72 hr erythrocytes break; attacks three days, P. malariae. 
Period of Schizogony 
•	Breaking of erythrocytesParoxysm. 
•	Tertian – 48 hr erythrocytes break;...
![Parasitology - Entomology](/docpics/3499847/6511c62f3d402_3499847_121_171.jpeg)
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Parasitology - Entomology
- Class notes • 101 pages • 2023
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Modes of Disease Transmission by Arthropods 
•	Propagative - increase in number of pathogens in host arthropod, with no developmental changes in pathogens, eg Yellow Fever, Typhus 
•	Cyclopropagative - involves multiplication in numbers as well as change in developmental stages of pathogens. Eg Plasmodium in Anophelines 
•	Cyclodevelopmental- only changes in developmental stages of pathogens and no multiplication or increase in numbers. Eg Wuchereria bancrofti in Culex mosquito 
•	Transo...
![Nematodes](/docpics/3499809/6511c458d1525_3499809_121_171.jpeg)
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Nematodes
- Class notes • 64 pages • 2023
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Nematodes 
General features: 
 1. Elongated worm, cylindrical, unsegmented and tapering at both ends. 
2.	Variable in size, measure <1 cm to about IOOcm. 
3.	Sex separate and male is smaller than female 
 
Location of Nematodes: 
Intestinal nematodes 
Tissue nematodes 
I težtfhal 
Ne todes 
Common intestinal nematode infections: 
1.	Enterobius (Oxyuris) vermicularis 
(Pinworm,seatworm,threadworm) 
2.	Trichuris trichiura (whipworm) 
3.	Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm) 
4.	Ancylostoma duo...
![Parasitology - Fascioliasis](/docpics/3499705/6511c05826129_3499705_121_171.jpeg)
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Parasitology - Fascioliasis
- Class notes • 18 pages • 2023
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Liver Flukes 
	Fasciola hepatica 
	Clonorchis sinensis 
Fasciola hepatica F. gigantica 
 
Fasciola hepatica: Morphology…. 
• Adult fluke 
–	Flat leaf like body 
–	20-30mm long 
–	8-15mm wide 
–	Brown/grey 
Clonorchis sinensis 
 
Fascioliasis 
•Causal Agent: 
•	The trematodes Fasciola hepatica (the sheep liver fluke) and Fasciola gigantica, parasites of herbivores that can infect humans accidentally. 
•	Geographic Distribution: 
•	Fascioliasis occurs world...
![Parasitology - Hymenolepiasis](/docpics/3499664/6511be868a0b1_3499664_121_171.jpeg)
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Parasitology - Hymenolepiasis
- Class notes • 14 pages • 2023
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HYMENOLEPIASIS caused by 
Hymenolepis nana 
H. diminuta 
Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm) 
•	Adult worm measures 1-4.5 cm in length. 
•	four suckers and armed with one row of hooks 
•	In the mature segment, there are three testes in the middle 
H. nana…… anatomy 
 
H. nana……. Infective stage and mode of infection 
•	The egg, which is immediately infective when passed by the patient 
•	It is rounded, about 40 microns in diameter 
•	contains a six- hooked oncosphere with...
![Intestinal Protozoa](/docpics/3499624/6511bd2974e4c_3499624_121_171.jpeg)
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Intestinal Protozoa
- Class notes • 28 pages • 2023
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4 subdivisions according to the methods of locomotion. 
• The amoebae (Sarcodina) move by means of 
pseudopodia. 
• The flagellates (Mastigophora) typically move by 
long, whiplike flagellae. 
• The ciliates (Ciliata) are propelled by rows of cilia 
that beat with a synchronized wavelike motion. 
• The sporozoans (Sporozoa) lack specialized 
organelles of motility. Move by Gliding, wriggling etc 
Basic Properties of Protozoa 
Cellular properties 
 - Eukaryotic microorganisms havin...
![Parasitology Trematodes](/docpics/3499589/6511bc44733fb_3499589_121_171.jpeg)
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Parasitology Trematodes
- Class notes • 32 pages • 2023
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General characteristics: 
1.The class trematoda falls into two main 
subclasses, the Monogenea, which have a direct 
life cycle, and the Digenea, which require an 
intermediate host, are of medical significance 
2. The adult digenetic trematodes, commonly 
called `flukes', occur primarily in the bile ducts, 
alimentary tract and vascular system. 
3. Most flukes are flattened dorsoventrally, have 
a blind alimentary tract, suckers for 
attachment 
4.Depending on the predilection site, the...
![Taeniasis](/docpics/3499514/6511ba7bf0ee3_3499514_121_171.jpeg)
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Taeniasis
- Class notes • 34 pages • 2023
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TAENIASIS 
Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm) 
• In adult stage, T. saginata 
inhabits the upper jejunum 
• it may survive for as long as 
25 years 
• It causes intestinal 
infection, Taeniasis 
• It has worldwide 
distribution 
Scolex…… 
Taenia saginata….. Morphology 
• Adult worm measures 5-10 meters in 
length 
• The pyriform scolex has 4 suckers but 
no rostellum 
• The mature segments have irregularly 
alternate lateral genital pores 
• uterus made up of a median s...
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