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IMMUNOLOGY : VACCINATION/IMMUNIZATION GUARANTEED PASS QUALITY NOTES
Immunization is the means of providing specific protection against most common and damaging pathogens. • The mechanism of immunity depends on the location of the pathogen and the mechanism of its pathogenesis. • If the mechanism of pathogenesis involves exotoxins, the only immune mechanism effective against it would be neutralizing antibodies that would prevent its binding to the appropriate receptor, while promoting its clearance and degradation by phagocytes. • Alternatively, if...
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Immunization is the means of providing specific protection against most common and damaging pathogens. • The mechanism of immunity depends on the location of the pathogen and the mechanism of its pathogenesis. • If the mechanism of pathogenesis involves exotoxins, the only immune mechanism effective against it would be neutralizing antibodies that would prevent its binding to the appropriate receptor, while promoting its clearance and degradation by phagocytes. • Alternatively, if...
PHYSIOLOGY :Thyroid Hormones
Thyroid Hormones 6-Nov-21 Thyroid Hormones 1 INTRODUCTION: The thyroid gland is an endocrine gland in the neck consisting of two lobes connected by an isthmus. It is a large ductless gland in the neck that secretes hormones regulating growth and development through the rate of metabolism. The thyroid gland is found at the front of the neck below the Adam`s apple. Thyroid gland anatomy: • The Thyroid Gland is located in the anterior neck, spanning between the C5 and T1 vertebr...
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Thyroid Hormones 6-Nov-21 Thyroid Hormones 1 INTRODUCTION: The thyroid gland is an endocrine gland in the neck consisting of two lobes connected by an isthmus. It is a large ductless gland in the neck that secretes hormones regulating growth and development through the rate of metabolism. The thyroid gland is found at the front of the neck below the Adam`s apple. Thyroid gland anatomy: • The Thyroid Gland is located in the anterior neck, spanning between the C5 and T1 vertebr...
PHYSIOLOGY : Hypothalamic Hormones
Hypothalamic Hormones Overview • General Anatomy • Hormones produced • Actions of hormones • Regulation of hormone secretion • Abnormalities of secretion General Anatomy • The hypothalamus is named so because it lies under the thalamus(‘hypo’ means ‘under’) • It is found in the diencephalon. • It is located inferior to the thalamus, posterior to the optic chiasm and bordered on the sides by the temporal lobes and optic tracts. • It is almond shaped an...
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Hypothalamic Hormones Overview • General Anatomy • Hormones produced • Actions of hormones • Regulation of hormone secretion • Abnormalities of secretion General Anatomy • The hypothalamus is named so because it lies under the thalamus(‘hypo’ means ‘under’) • It is found in the diencephalon. • It is located inferior to the thalamus, posterior to the optic chiasm and bordered on the sides by the temporal lobes and optic tracts. • It is almond shaped an...
PHYSIOLOGY : Sensory Physiology Introduction
Sensory Physiology Introduction • The survival of any organism depends on having adequate information about the external environment, where food is to be found and where hazards abound. • Also important for maintaining the function of a complex organism is information about the state of numerous internal bodily processes and functions. Introduction • Events in the external and internal environment must first be translated into signals that the nervous systems can proc...
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Sensory Physiology Introduction • The survival of any organism depends on having adequate information about the external environment, where food is to be found and where hazards abound. • Also important for maintaining the function of a complex organism is information about the state of numerous internal bodily processes and functions. Introduction • Events in the external and internal environment must first be translated into signals that the nervous systems can proc...
RECEPTORS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, PHAGOCYTIC CELLS, AND TOLERANCE
RECEPTORS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, PHAGOCYTIC CELLS, AND TOLERANCE Receptors of the innate immune system mediate a number of different functions. Many are phagocytic receptors that stimulate ingestion of the pathogens they recognize. Some are chemotactic receptors, such as the f-Met-Leu-Phe receptor, which binds the N-formylated peptides produced by bacteria, and guides neutrophils to sites of infection. A third function is to induce effector molecules, that cont...
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RECEPTORS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, PHAGOCYTIC CELLS, AND TOLERANCE Receptors of the innate immune system mediate a number of different functions. Many are phagocytic receptors that stimulate ingestion of the pathogens they recognize. Some are chemotactic receptors, such as the f-Met-Leu-Phe receptor, which binds the N-formylated peptides produced by bacteria, and guides neutrophils to sites of infection. A third function is to induce effector molecules, that cont...
Principles of Immunology INTRODUCTION
Principles of Immunology INTRODUCTION • The immune system serves as a means to resist infection. • It is comprised of two major sub-divisions; The innate and adaptive/acquired immune systems. • Its main function is to discriminate between self and nonself, thus protecting against invading organisms and to eliminate modified or altered cells. • There are both cellular and Humoral aspects to both adaptive/acquired/specific and innate immune responses. • All the cells invo...
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Principles of Immunology INTRODUCTION • The immune system serves as a means to resist infection. • It is comprised of two major sub-divisions; The innate and adaptive/acquired immune systems. • Its main function is to discriminate between self and nonself, thus protecting against invading organisms and to eliminate modified or altered cells. • There are both cellular and Humoral aspects to both adaptive/acquired/specific and innate immune responses. • All the cells invo...
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM : Posterior Pituitary Hormones Antidiuretic hormone Oxytocin
Posterior Pituitary Hormones Antidiuretic hormone Oxytocin November 6, 2021 posterior pituitary 1 Posterior Pituitary • Called neurohypophysis – Composed glial cells (pituicytes) – They are the supporting cells for • Nerve terminals that originate in the supraoptic & paraventricular nuclei • Nerve endings lie on the capillaries – Release vasopressin & oxytocin November 6, 2021 posterior pituitary 2 Hormones of Posterior Pituitary • The hormones of the posterior pitu...
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Posterior Pituitary Hormones Antidiuretic hormone Oxytocin November 6, 2021 posterior pituitary 1 Posterior Pituitary • Called neurohypophysis – Composed glial cells (pituicytes) – They are the supporting cells for • Nerve terminals that originate in the supraoptic & paraventricular nuclei • Nerve endings lie on the capillaries – Release vasopressin & oxytocin November 6, 2021 posterior pituitary 2 Hormones of Posterior Pituitary • The hormones of the posterior pitu...
PHYSIOLOGY :PAIN PHYSIOLOGY
Pain Pain • Many ailments of the body cause pain. • The ability to diagnose different diseases depends to a great extent on a clinician’s knowledge of the different qualities of pain. • It occurs whenever tissues are being damaged and causes the individual to react to remove the pain stimulus. • Even simple activities as sitting for a long time on the ischium can cause tissue destruction because of lack of blood flow to the skin where it is compressed by the weight...
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Pain Pain • Many ailments of the body cause pain. • The ability to diagnose different diseases depends to a great extent on a clinician’s knowledge of the different qualities of pain. • It occurs whenever tissues are being damaged and causes the individual to react to remove the pain stimulus. • Even simple activities as sitting for a long time on the ischium can cause tissue destruction because of lack of blood flow to the skin where it is compressed by the weight...
IMMUNOLOGY ; HUMORAL DEFENCES THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM ANTIBODIES
HUMORAL DEFENCES THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM ANTIBODIES • Humoral immunity refers to the non cellular aspects of the immune system i.e. antibodies synthesis and the accessory processes that accompany it, including: • Th2 activation and cytokine production, • Germinal centre formation and isotype switching, • Affinity maturation and • Memory cell generation. • It also refers to the effector functions of antibody, which include: • Pathogen and toxin neutralization, • Classica...
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HUMORAL DEFENCES THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM ANTIBODIES • Humoral immunity refers to the non cellular aspects of the immune system i.e. antibodies synthesis and the accessory processes that accompany it, including: • Th2 activation and cytokine production, • Germinal centre formation and isotype switching, • Affinity maturation and • Memory cell generation. • It also refers to the effector functions of antibody, which include: • Pathogen and toxin neutralization, • Classica...
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; Growth Hormones guaranteed pass
Growth Hormone • Growth hormone is also known as somatotropin. • It is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell production and cell regeneration. • It is secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland September 20, 2022 Growth hormone 3 Structure • Human growth hormone – Has 191 AA residues – MW 22000 (22K hGH) • GH is bound to a protein in plasma – ½ Of GH activity is bound which form • Reservoir of hormone to • Compensate for wide fluctuati...
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Growth Hormone • Growth hormone is also known as somatotropin. • It is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell production and cell regeneration. • It is secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland September 20, 2022 Growth hormone 3 Structure • Human growth hormone – Has 191 AA residues – MW 22000 (22K hGH) • GH is bound to a protein in plasma – ½ Of GH activity is bound which form • Reservoir of hormone to • Compensate for wide fluctuati...
EVOLVE ELSEVIER HESI MED SURG ACTUAL EXAM WITH 150 + REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS WITH WELL-ELABORATED RATIONALES/ EVOLVE HESI MEDICAL SURGICAL LATEST EXAM 2024 (latest) Ace Your Exam
ATI PN Maternal Newborn Proctored Exam 2023 LATEST VERSION WITH 100% VERIFIEDQUESTIONS ANDANSWERS
ATI PN Maternal Newborn Proctored Exam 2023 LATEST VERSION WITH 100% VERIFIEDQUESTIONS ANDANSWERS
Math ATI TEAS / ATI TEAS 7 ACTUAL MATH EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
ATI TEAS 7 Reading Actual Test Questions & Answers(New, 2023) ATI TEAS 7 Reading Actual Test Questions & Answers(New, 2023) ATI TEAS 7 Reading Actual Test Questions & Answers(New, 2023) UPDATE A RATED REAL EXAM