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Period of Schizogony • Breaking of erythrocytesParoxysm. • Tertian – 48 hr erythrocytes break; attacks every other day, P. vivax and P. ovale. Period of Schizogony • Breaking of erythrocytesParoxysm. • Tertian – 48 hr erythrocytes break; attacks every other day, P. vivax and P. ovale. • Quartan – 72 hr erythrocytes break; attacks three days, P. malariae. Period of Schizogony • Breaking of erythrocytesParoxysm. • Tertian – 48 hr erythrocytes break;...

Modes of Disease Transmission by Arthropods • Propagative - increase in number of pathogens in host arthropod, with no developmental changes in pathogens, eg Yellow Fever, Typhus • Cyclopropagative - involves multiplication in numbers as well as change in developmental stages of pathogens. Eg Plasmodium in Anophelines • Cyclodevelopmental- only changes in developmental stages of pathogens and no multiplication or increase in numbers. Eg Wuchereria bancrofti in Culex mosquito • Transo...

Nematodes General features: 1. Elongated worm, cylindrical, unsegmented and tapering at both ends. 2. Variable in size, measure <1 cm to about IOOcm. 3. Sex separate and male is smaller than female Location of Nematodes: Intestinal nematodes Tissue nematodes I težtfhal Ne todes  Common intestinal nematode infections: 1. Enterobius (Oxyuris) vermicularis (Pinworm,seatworm,threadworm) 2. Trichuris trichiura (whipworm) 3. Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm) 4. Ancylostoma duo...

Liver Flukes  Fasciola hepatica  Clonorchis sinensis Fasciola hepatica F. gigantica Fasciola hepatica: Morphology…. • Adult fluke – Flat leaf like body – 20-30mm long – 8-15mm wide – Brown/grey Clonorchis sinensis Fascioliasis •Causal Agent: • The trematodes Fasciola hepatica (the sheep liver fluke) and Fasciola gigantica, parasites of herbivores that can infect humans accidentally. • Geographic Distribution: • Fascioliasis occurs world...

HYMENOLEPIASIS caused by Hymenolepis nana H. diminuta Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm) • Adult worm measures 1-4.5 cm in length. • four suckers and armed with one row of hooks • In the mature segment, there are three testes in the middle H. nana…… anatomy H. nana……. Infective stage and mode of infection • The egg, which is immediately infective when passed by the patient • It is rounded, about 40 microns in diameter • contains a six- hooked oncosphere with...

4 subdivisions according to the methods of locomotion. • The amoebae (Sarcodina) move by means of pseudopodia. • The flagellates (Mastigophora) typically move by long, whiplike flagellae. • The ciliates (Ciliata) are propelled by rows of cilia that beat with a synchronized wavelike motion. • The sporozoans (Sporozoa) lack specialized organelles of motility. Move by Gliding, wriggling etc Basic Properties of Protozoa Cellular properties  - Eukaryotic microorganisms havin...

General characteristics: 1.The class trematoda falls into two main subclasses, the Monogenea, which have a direct life cycle, and the Digenea, which require an intermediate host, are of medical significance 2. The adult digenetic trematodes, commonly called `flukes', occur primarily in the bile ducts, alimentary tract and vascular system. 3. Most flukes are flattened dorsoventrally, have a blind alimentary tract, suckers for attachment 4.Depending on the predilection site, the...

TAENIASIS Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm) • In adult stage, T. saginata inhabits the upper jejunum • it may survive for as long as 25 years • It causes intestinal infection, Taeniasis • It has worldwide distribution Scolex…… Taenia saginata….. Morphology • Adult worm measures 5-10 meters in length • The pyriform scolex has 4 suckers but no rostellum • The mature segments have irregularly alternate lateral genital pores • uterus made up of a median s...

Haemoflagellates Leishmania & Trypanosomes  The species of Leishmania exist in two forms, amastigote (aflagellar) and promastigote (flagellated) in their life cycle.  They are transmitted by certain species of sand flies (Phlebotomus & Lutzomyia)

Cestodes classified….. • Phylum: Platyhelminthes • Class: Cestoidea • Subclass Eucestoda • Order Pseudophyllidae eg D. latum • Order Cyclophyllidae eg Taenias LIFE CYCLE PATTERNS 1. Pseudophyllidae type • Scolex provided 2 grooves - bothrium • Need two intermediate hosts • aquatic crustaceans • fish or other vertebrate animals • Life stages eggcoracidium  procercoid plerocercoid (sparganum)  adult worm • Spirometra mansoni – cause sparganosi...