Chapter 12: Nuclear Physics. Physics A-level, AQA. It includes: Rutherford scattering and atomic structure, radius and density, emissions, investigation, exponential law of decay, nuclear decay, fission and fusion and binding energy.
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:
's
( Blum pudding theory atoms were not stable 4 emitted radiation
)
5
atoms had a nucleus
+ -
t
uniformly density
+
not distributed or
charge
.
t t
-
+ +
.3 types of radiation alpha bera gamma
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,
Goldarom
meaning of the diagram L
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most X particles foil
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latom as
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SUME were deflected langle qo o
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oruclei most mass dense tre
very charge
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oalpna fast posilevely charged particles
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Alphadeflecred
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AlBha bouncing back
Radiation emission of energy in the form oF EM waves Or particles
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Nuclear radiation radiation emmiled when nucleus decays
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lonising radiation any radiation wl enough energy to ionise atoms
:
Rutherford
..
conclusion
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's
radiation
3 ty Bes of nuclear
tonisation
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o 1 positive
7 neutral
7 negarive oiunisation chamber
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positive is more massive than
negative
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picoammeler
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negative s relative
charge of -1 RESULTS
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opositive t - ionisation
relative
charge of
strong
s
Aradiation:
2
lionisation ceases beyond a certain distance
few
fradiation
range air cm
in
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in air varies wß to metre
- a or more
range
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fewer ions per mmn than a
-partices
f ionising
than a and
B
we a k r
-radiation:
, NUCLEAR RADIUS AND DENSITY
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Electron
r a can be
diffractiond uus
used to estimate nuclear
EN WHy only protonst neutrous interact wy strong nuclear force
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intensity variesw diffraction
angle
relative nuclear radius is Tiny compared to the
^ intensity
of electrons
Alomic raaius
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TiB Imsersity rever
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Hits zero just gess v close
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intersityw angle of diffraction radius of atom :005 (5
,
,
as
mm
x10"m)
L 7
angle of diffraction O
nucleus is made up of Nucleons
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.
nuclear radius
more nucleons
bigger is proportional to CUBE root of number
-
nucleon
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Y
po
linear relationship between R and -
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s RaA
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R RoA
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nusleon namber (
AS
s
B
Wuclean Number {
A)
density of nuclear matter ENORMOUS
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and similar
protons neutrons
nearly same mass
density
s :
nuclear 1.45 101 kgm
density -
-3
x
atoms contain lots of empty space most of the mass is in the smale nucleus
.
,
RADIOACTIVE EMISSIONS
.
if nucleus is unstable :
break down to become more stable nucleus decays by releasing energy
:
instability due to too
many
or not
enough neutrons and or particles astable form
:
Or too much radioactive decay
energy
s
.
.
lone single decay is RANDOR
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radio active emissions ionising radiation C knocked off electrons
sion
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