Notes de cours
UItgetypte les_Lecture 8
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- Universiteit Gent (UGent)
Dit document omvat de volledig uitgetypte les van lecture 8 van het vak OC.
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Lecture of 23/04 Is the end of lecture 4!Im going to address some of the policies against OC and basically
INTRODUCTION
“If crime crosses borders, so must law enforcement”
Kofi A. Annan
General who claimed, around the period of the UN nations combating against OC, If
crime crosses borders, so must law enforcement. So what do we see? In the very
beginning when OC as a concept has been successfully exported by the US to the rest
of the world through the UN. The idea of international crime reached throughout the
world and was gaining importance in different countries but also at international
organizations. This is centrally the idea. This is the reason as to why we have developed
Europol, Eurojust, Interpol, organisations of different legislations within the EU.
We cannot allow criminals to travel worldwide and commit their crimes while the law
enforcement officials and agencies are stuck to their old national boundaries. The idea
of the video below is that it will show how OC is being framed. In the sense of it’s a big
threat. A treat to health, the economy,…
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gob-ryDE_WU
The threat throughout the world has triggered international organisations to adopting
policies. UN is one of them, the council of Europe and EU are others. We will cover
general policies and on strategic level. And last on the national level
1. UNITED NATIONS
SO the UN:we have already covered most of the things about the UN. Once again a
small video explaining the role of the UN combatting OC.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4FKGvzTWxo
The most important was during the
Convention on TOC (Palermo, 2000)
• Definition of Criminal organisations: 3+ persons, duration, aim of serious
crimes, material benefit
• Structured group (participation)
• Facilitating crimes: corruption, money laundering & confiscation
We have adopted the fifth one in Belgium today (he does not say the 5th what) and the
6th one is being developed on a EU level.
• Protocols about (3)
• Trafficking in persons -> protection of victims (assistance, status and
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, repatriation)
• Smuggling of migrants -> criminalization of smuggling (not of migrants)
• Manufacturing & trafficking of firearms (import & export)
– Special attention paid to brokerage
to the middle men. The top, middle men en customer who is
trying to connect both.
So for the UN we have the convention on the transnational combat of crime which urges
to criminalize certain types of offences and gives a definition of criminal organizations
which is then merited in different national legislations as well. The difference in definition
of 2 or more persons or 3 or more persons is still a topic of debate in the EU as well and
worldwide.
2. COUNCIL OF EUROPE
Council of Europe
The Council of Europa also has developed a number of conventions
• Conventions (general):
• European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters and
additional Protocols (1959)
Basically if one member state of the council of Europe (hij werkt zijn zin
weeral niet af) Remember it is not the EU, it is far larger over 50 member
states and was established after WWII in order to stimulate and promote
human rights and fight violations against human rights after the 2 nd WW).
So 2 conventions:
• European Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of
the Proceeds of Crime (1990)
This is also the era in which Belgium has adopted it’s first legislation in regard of
confiscation as well. So:
• Corruption (GRECO)
= Group d’etats contre la corruption is monitoring its member states so the member
states of the Council of Europe including Belgium. But hey Russia and the Russian
federation is also a member state. Azerbaijan is one as well. The Council of Europe is
much larger much bigger than the EU as such.
The GRECO is basically part of the council of Europe that is monitoring its member
states in the way it is trying to contribute in the fight against corruption and trying to
prevent corruption. It has different evaluation rounds. I think it is the 6 th evaluation round
now. In which it targets specific levels. F.e. the last level was the political level on which
it recommends that politicians such as prime ministers and ministers but also members
of the strategic union units that are facilitating policies by the ministers should have
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, codes of conduct and there should be strict regulations around the facts: who is going to
contribute to a specific legislation or not is lobbying allowed and these kinds of thing.
The topic of the 6th evaluation round in Belgium is not doing very well. Regarding the
implementation of the GRECO recommendations. I think the first 3 rounds were good as
of the 3th round the implementations of these recommendations of GRECO has been
slacking. (He showed his research he did about it back in the days but again
unreadable) Reports on the implementation on the 5th rounds of GRECO and the extent
to which Belgium has implemented them. Overview on 5 th evaluation round on
23/02/2020. Overview of the different rounds that already have been there/ So fully
implemented is dark. 1str round 100% implemented. 2 nd round 75% implemented 3rd
round only 50% implemented. 53 partly and 7% not implemented (klopt nie als je het
optelt maar dat is wat hij zei). 80% partly implemented in the 4 th round. Actually, over
time, doing less well on the implementation on the GRECO recommendations.
• Organized crime situation reports
• Financial aspects of OC
The combat of money laundering.
• Also relevant: European Court of Human Rights
Remember Council of Europe was made to help spread Human rights. TO monitor
human rights violations hence the EU court of human rights. It is relevant because it
sets:
• Legal limits for the battle against organized crime in Europe
If you look at law enforcements overseas against OC There is a lot of attention being
paid toward control. That means that you see that someone is doing drugs and instead
of apprehending the criminal at right handed is that you allow them to drive through the
country to sell it and you monitor him or her to take whenever there is another
transaction to capture a larger part of the organizations for instance using civilian
infiltrates, wiretapping,… All these special investigations techniques have all been
developed in order to fight OC. Not terrorism but OC and in the US eventually adapted
in West-Europa as well so these kind of things, this is relevant for EU member states
because we need to abide by the legislation of the Human rights codes. EU treaty of
Human rights which is covered By the European court of Human Rights.
• Undercover agents, anonymous witnesses, communication
interception
3. EUROPEAN UNION
3.1. EU:GENERAL
EU - EU: General: 4 different routes:
At the general level, there are 4 different routed to combat OC:
• Through Treaties
• Specific policy plans
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