Media-effecten
Inhoud
Introductie..............................................................................................................................................1
Wat zijn media-effecten?...................................................................................................................1
Wat is het doel van wetenschap?.......................................................................................................1
Hoe worden de doelen van wetenschap bereikt?..............................................................................1
Wat is de toekomst van media-effecten onderzoek?.........................................................................1
Wat zijn de uitdagingen voor media-effecten?..................................................................................1
1. Agendasetting.................................................................................................................................2
1.1 Historische context.................................................................................................................2
1.2 Verschillende studies rond agendasetting....................................................................................2
1.3 Acapulco Typology........................................................................................................................3
1.4 Niveau twee: kenmerken.............................................................................................................4
1.5 NFO (Need for orientation)...........................................................................................................4
1.6 Consequenties..............................................................................................................................4
2. Framing theory...................................................................................................................................5
2.1 Framing.........................................................................................................................................5
2 voorbeelden................................................................................................................................5
2.2 Disciplinaire oorsprong.................................................................................................................5
Sociologie.......................................................................................................................................5
Psychologie.....................................................................................................................................6
2.3 Verwante, maar andere processen...............................................................................................6
2.4 Framing als afhankelijke variabele................................................................................................7
Frame building................................................................................................................................7
Frame setting..................................................................................................................................8
2.5 Belangrijk......................................................................................................................................8
2.6 Problemen....................................................................................................................................8
3. Cultivation theory...............................................................................................................................9
3.1 Culturele indicatoren....................................................................................................................9
3.2 Cultivatie hypothese.....................................................................................................................9
3.3 Coherent, niet-selectief, lange-termijn.......................................................................................10
Wat is cultivatie NIET....................................................................................................................10
3.4 Methodologie van cultivatie-onderzoek.....................................................................................10
3.5 Bevindingen van cultivatie-onderzoek........................................................................................11
3.6 Cognitieve processen..................................................................................................................11
3.7 Mainstreaming...........................................................................................................................11
, 3.8 Internationaal recent onderzoek..........................................................................................12
3.9 Eerste en tweede orde...............................................................................................................12
4. Shrum’s media en sociale cognitie...................................................................................................12
4.1 Sociale cognitie...........................................................................................................................12
2 principes....................................................................................................................................12
4.2 Wat bepaalt dat informatie toegankelijker is? (NOG NAKIJKEN)................................................13
4.3 Wat zijn de precieze gevolgen van toegankelijkheid?................................................................13
4.5 Toepassing op cultivatie.............................................................................................................14
Stellingen......................................................................................................................................14
4.6 Verklaring voor kleine effectgroottes.........................................................................................16
4.7 Is dit ook het geval voor 2e orde.................................................................................................16
4.8 2e orde cultivatie als online persuasion?....................................................................................16
Hoofdstuk 5: Priming............................................................................................................................17
5.1 Twee centrale domeinen............................................................................................................17
5.1.1 Geweld.................................................................................................................................17
5.1.2 Nieuws en politiek...............................................................................................................17
5.1.3 Derde domein: stereotypen.................................................................................................17
5.2 Modellen die priming uitleggen..................................................................................................18
5.2.1 Een priming effect is een functie van...................................................................................18
5.2.2 Politieke media-effecten......................................................................................................18
5.2.3 Geweld.................................................................................................................................19
Hoofdstuk 6: Bandura’s Social cognitive theory...................................................................................20
6.1 Centrale uitgangspunten............................................................................................................20
6.2 Symbolizing capabilty.................................................................................................................21
6.2.1 Gevolgen van symbolizing capability...................................................................................21
6.3 Relevante mechanismen voor observational learning................................................................22
6.3.1 Abstract modeling...............................................................................................................22
6.4 Motivational effects....................................................................................................................22
6.5 Waar kan observational learning over gaan?.............................................................................23
Hoofdstuk 7: Third-person effect.........................................................................................................24
7.1 Waarover gaat het?....................................................................................................................24
7.2 Onderzoek..................................................................................................................................24
7.3 Bestaat dit effect echt?...............................................................................................................24
7.4 Hoe kunnen we het effect verklaren?........................................................................................24
7.5 Treed dit effect altijd op of is het conditioneel?.........................................................................25
7.5.1 Wie zijn die anderen dan?...................................................................................................25
, 7.6 Komt het bij iedereen voor?.......................................................................................................25
Hoofdstuk 8: Media en geweld............................................................................................................26
8.1 Indrukwekkende evidentie.........................................................................................................26
Kritiek...........................................................................................................................................26
8.2 Evidentie.....................................................................................................................................27
Experimenteel onderzoek.............................................................................................................27
Surveys.........................................................................................................................................28
Meta-analyses..............................................................................................................................28
8.3 Verklaringen...............................................................................................................................28
Hoofdstuk 9: Media en angst...............................................................................................................29
9.1 Empirische aanwijzingen............................................................................................................29
9.1.1 Huidige kennis.....................................................................................................................29
9.1.2 Studies en literatuur............................................................................................................29
9.2 Stimulus generalization..............................................................................................................30
9.2.1 Waarom angstig voor wat niet echt bedreigend is?............................................................30
9.2.2 Gelijkenis tussen echte en gemedieerde stimulus...............................................................30
9.2.3 Wat veroorzaakt angst?.......................................................................................................30
9.2.4 Factoren die stimulus generalization aanwakkeren.............................................................30
9.3 Ontwikkelingsrelevante verschillen............................................................................................31
9.3.1 Ontwikkeling en angst.........................................................................................................31
9.3.2 Ontwikkeling en omgaan met angst....................................................................................31
9.4 Genderverschillen.......................................................................................................................31
9.4.1 Genderverschillen in angst..................................................................................................31
9.4.2 Genderverschillen in omgaan met angst.............................................................................32
Hoofdstuk 10: Media en lichaamsbeeld...............................................................................................33
10.1 Prevalentie ‘negatief’ lichaamsbeeld........................................................................................33
10.2 Het ideale lichaam in de media................................................................................................33
10.2.1 Het vrouwelijk ideal...........................................................................................................33
10.2.2 Mannelijk ideal..................................................................................................................33
10.2.3 Het “openly disordered” ideal...........................................................................................33
10.3 Theoretische modellen.............................................................................................................34
10.3.1 Socio-cognitieve modellen.................................................................................................34
10.3.1 Cognitief-affectieve modellen............................................................................................34
10.4 Empirische evidentie................................................................................................................35
10.5 Belangrijke moderatoren..........................................................................................................35
10.5.1 Kenmerken media..............................................................................................................35
, 10.5.2 Kenmerken kijker...............................................................................................................35
10.6 Media en positief lichaamsbeeld..............................................................................................36
10.7 Milderende factoren.................................................................................................................36
10.7.1 Inhoud...............................................................................................................................36
10.7.2 Media activisme.................................................................................................................36
10.7.3 Media literacy....................................................................................................................36
10.8 Conclusie..................................................................................................................................37
10.8.1 Media en positief lichaamsbeeld: conclusie......................................................................37
10.8.2 Volgende stappen in dit onderzoek...................................................................................37
Hoofdstuk 11: Seksuele media-effecten...............................................................................................38
11.1 Onderwerp doorheen de tijd....................................................................................................38
11.1.1 Rechtstreekse relatie.........................................................................................................38
11.1.2 Longitudinale studies – gaat het in 1 richting of in beide richtingen.................................38
11.1.3 Hoe kunnen we dit verklaren?...........................................................................................38
11.1.4 Verschillende theorieën kunnen we hierop toepassen.....................................................38
11.1.5 Why do they select it?.......................................................................................................39
11.2 Media waaraan wordt blootgesteld.........................................................................................39
11.2.1 Seksuele metanarrative.....................................................................................................39
11.3 Onwaarschijnlijk?..................................................................................................................40
Tussenles: oefeningen leerstof.............................................................................................................41
Oefening 1: Zoek een voorbeeld van agendasetting en mainstreaming...........................................41
Agendasetting (niveau 2)..............................................................................................................41
Mainstreaming.............................................................................................................................41
Oefening 2: Schrijf een antwoord uit...............................................................................................41
Oefening 3: Bepaal een standpunt...................................................................................................42
Tussenles 2: Jongeren en sociale media – vind ik (niet zo) leuk...........................................................43
Terug in de tijd.................................................................................................................................43
Na een tijdje.....................................................................................................................................43
Context met sociale media...............................................................................................................43
Eerste kijk op SoMe......................................................................................................................43
Tweede.........................................................................................................................................43
Depressieve symptomen bij adolescenten.......................................................................................44
Studie...............................................................................................................................................44
Hypothesen..................................................................................................................................44
Hyperpersonal model of computer mediated communication (HMOCMC).................................44
Affordances approach..................................................................................................................44
Inhoud
Introductie..............................................................................................................................................1
Wat zijn media-effecten?...................................................................................................................1
Wat is het doel van wetenschap?.......................................................................................................1
Hoe worden de doelen van wetenschap bereikt?..............................................................................1
Wat is de toekomst van media-effecten onderzoek?.........................................................................1
Wat zijn de uitdagingen voor media-effecten?..................................................................................1
1. Agendasetting.................................................................................................................................2
1.1 Historische context.................................................................................................................2
1.2 Verschillende studies rond agendasetting....................................................................................2
1.3 Acapulco Typology........................................................................................................................3
1.4 Niveau twee: kenmerken.............................................................................................................4
1.5 NFO (Need for orientation)...........................................................................................................4
1.6 Consequenties..............................................................................................................................4
2. Framing theory...................................................................................................................................5
2.1 Framing.........................................................................................................................................5
2 voorbeelden................................................................................................................................5
2.2 Disciplinaire oorsprong.................................................................................................................5
Sociologie.......................................................................................................................................5
Psychologie.....................................................................................................................................6
2.3 Verwante, maar andere processen...............................................................................................6
2.4 Framing als afhankelijke variabele................................................................................................7
Frame building................................................................................................................................7
Frame setting..................................................................................................................................8
2.5 Belangrijk......................................................................................................................................8
2.6 Problemen....................................................................................................................................8
3. Cultivation theory...............................................................................................................................9
3.1 Culturele indicatoren....................................................................................................................9
3.2 Cultivatie hypothese.....................................................................................................................9
3.3 Coherent, niet-selectief, lange-termijn.......................................................................................10
Wat is cultivatie NIET....................................................................................................................10
3.4 Methodologie van cultivatie-onderzoek.....................................................................................10
3.5 Bevindingen van cultivatie-onderzoek........................................................................................11
3.6 Cognitieve processen..................................................................................................................11
3.7 Mainstreaming...........................................................................................................................11
, 3.8 Internationaal recent onderzoek..........................................................................................12
3.9 Eerste en tweede orde...............................................................................................................12
4. Shrum’s media en sociale cognitie...................................................................................................12
4.1 Sociale cognitie...........................................................................................................................12
2 principes....................................................................................................................................12
4.2 Wat bepaalt dat informatie toegankelijker is? (NOG NAKIJKEN)................................................13
4.3 Wat zijn de precieze gevolgen van toegankelijkheid?................................................................13
4.5 Toepassing op cultivatie.............................................................................................................14
Stellingen......................................................................................................................................14
4.6 Verklaring voor kleine effectgroottes.........................................................................................16
4.7 Is dit ook het geval voor 2e orde.................................................................................................16
4.8 2e orde cultivatie als online persuasion?....................................................................................16
Hoofdstuk 5: Priming............................................................................................................................17
5.1 Twee centrale domeinen............................................................................................................17
5.1.1 Geweld.................................................................................................................................17
5.1.2 Nieuws en politiek...............................................................................................................17
5.1.3 Derde domein: stereotypen.................................................................................................17
5.2 Modellen die priming uitleggen..................................................................................................18
5.2.1 Een priming effect is een functie van...................................................................................18
5.2.2 Politieke media-effecten......................................................................................................18
5.2.3 Geweld.................................................................................................................................19
Hoofdstuk 6: Bandura’s Social cognitive theory...................................................................................20
6.1 Centrale uitgangspunten............................................................................................................20
6.2 Symbolizing capabilty.................................................................................................................21
6.2.1 Gevolgen van symbolizing capability...................................................................................21
6.3 Relevante mechanismen voor observational learning................................................................22
6.3.1 Abstract modeling...............................................................................................................22
6.4 Motivational effects....................................................................................................................22
6.5 Waar kan observational learning over gaan?.............................................................................23
Hoofdstuk 7: Third-person effect.........................................................................................................24
7.1 Waarover gaat het?....................................................................................................................24
7.2 Onderzoek..................................................................................................................................24
7.3 Bestaat dit effect echt?...............................................................................................................24
7.4 Hoe kunnen we het effect verklaren?........................................................................................24
7.5 Treed dit effect altijd op of is het conditioneel?.........................................................................25
7.5.1 Wie zijn die anderen dan?...................................................................................................25
, 7.6 Komt het bij iedereen voor?.......................................................................................................25
Hoofdstuk 8: Media en geweld............................................................................................................26
8.1 Indrukwekkende evidentie.........................................................................................................26
Kritiek...........................................................................................................................................26
8.2 Evidentie.....................................................................................................................................27
Experimenteel onderzoek.............................................................................................................27
Surveys.........................................................................................................................................28
Meta-analyses..............................................................................................................................28
8.3 Verklaringen...............................................................................................................................28
Hoofdstuk 9: Media en angst...............................................................................................................29
9.1 Empirische aanwijzingen............................................................................................................29
9.1.1 Huidige kennis.....................................................................................................................29
9.1.2 Studies en literatuur............................................................................................................29
9.2 Stimulus generalization..............................................................................................................30
9.2.1 Waarom angstig voor wat niet echt bedreigend is?............................................................30
9.2.2 Gelijkenis tussen echte en gemedieerde stimulus...............................................................30
9.2.3 Wat veroorzaakt angst?.......................................................................................................30
9.2.4 Factoren die stimulus generalization aanwakkeren.............................................................30
9.3 Ontwikkelingsrelevante verschillen............................................................................................31
9.3.1 Ontwikkeling en angst.........................................................................................................31
9.3.2 Ontwikkeling en omgaan met angst....................................................................................31
9.4 Genderverschillen.......................................................................................................................31
9.4.1 Genderverschillen in angst..................................................................................................31
9.4.2 Genderverschillen in omgaan met angst.............................................................................32
Hoofdstuk 10: Media en lichaamsbeeld...............................................................................................33
10.1 Prevalentie ‘negatief’ lichaamsbeeld........................................................................................33
10.2 Het ideale lichaam in de media................................................................................................33
10.2.1 Het vrouwelijk ideal...........................................................................................................33
10.2.2 Mannelijk ideal..................................................................................................................33
10.2.3 Het “openly disordered” ideal...........................................................................................33
10.3 Theoretische modellen.............................................................................................................34
10.3.1 Socio-cognitieve modellen.................................................................................................34
10.3.1 Cognitief-affectieve modellen............................................................................................34
10.4 Empirische evidentie................................................................................................................35
10.5 Belangrijke moderatoren..........................................................................................................35
10.5.1 Kenmerken media..............................................................................................................35
, 10.5.2 Kenmerken kijker...............................................................................................................35
10.6 Media en positief lichaamsbeeld..............................................................................................36
10.7 Milderende factoren.................................................................................................................36
10.7.1 Inhoud...............................................................................................................................36
10.7.2 Media activisme.................................................................................................................36
10.7.3 Media literacy....................................................................................................................36
10.8 Conclusie..................................................................................................................................37
10.8.1 Media en positief lichaamsbeeld: conclusie......................................................................37
10.8.2 Volgende stappen in dit onderzoek...................................................................................37
Hoofdstuk 11: Seksuele media-effecten...............................................................................................38
11.1 Onderwerp doorheen de tijd....................................................................................................38
11.1.1 Rechtstreekse relatie.........................................................................................................38
11.1.2 Longitudinale studies – gaat het in 1 richting of in beide richtingen.................................38
11.1.3 Hoe kunnen we dit verklaren?...........................................................................................38
11.1.4 Verschillende theorieën kunnen we hierop toepassen.....................................................38
11.1.5 Why do they select it?.......................................................................................................39
11.2 Media waaraan wordt blootgesteld.........................................................................................39
11.2.1 Seksuele metanarrative.....................................................................................................39
11.3 Onwaarschijnlijk?..................................................................................................................40
Tussenles: oefeningen leerstof.............................................................................................................41
Oefening 1: Zoek een voorbeeld van agendasetting en mainstreaming...........................................41
Agendasetting (niveau 2)..............................................................................................................41
Mainstreaming.............................................................................................................................41
Oefening 2: Schrijf een antwoord uit...............................................................................................41
Oefening 3: Bepaal een standpunt...................................................................................................42
Tussenles 2: Jongeren en sociale media – vind ik (niet zo) leuk...........................................................43
Terug in de tijd.................................................................................................................................43
Na een tijdje.....................................................................................................................................43
Context met sociale media...............................................................................................................43
Eerste kijk op SoMe......................................................................................................................43
Tweede.........................................................................................................................................43
Depressieve symptomen bij adolescenten.......................................................................................44
Studie...............................................................................................................................................44
Hypothesen..................................................................................................................................44
Hyperpersonal model of computer mediated communication (HMOCMC).................................44
Affordances approach..................................................................................................................44
