INTERNATIONALE BETREKKINGEN
Chapter 1: Introducing Global Politics
a political association that enjoys sovereign jurisdiction within defined
state
borders
an approach to political analysis that takes the state to be the key
state-centrism
actor in the domestic realm and on the world stage
a pattern of relationships between and amongst states that establishes
state-system
a measure of order and predictability
to be safe from harm, the absence of threats; security may be
security
understood in ‘national’, ‘international’, ‘global’, or ‘human’ terms
a process of negotiation and communication between states that seeks
diplomacy to resolve conflict without recourse to war; an instrument of foreign
policy
political, social, economic or other forms that transcend or cut across
transnationalism
national borders
literally, without rule; the absence of a central government or higher
anarchy authority, sometimes, but not necessarily, associated with instability
and chaos
a reliance on internal or inner recourses, often seen as the principal
self-help
reason states prioritize survival and security
balance of a condition in which no one state predominates over others, tending
power to create general equilibrium and curb the hegemonic ambitions of all
the theory that social and indeed all forms of enquiry should conform
positivism
to the methods of the natural sciences
an approach to politics based on the assumptions that the pursuit of
power politics power is the principal human goal; the term is sometimes used
descriptively
hegemon a leading or paramount power
conditions in which the mutual survival and safety of states is secured
international
through measures taken to prevent or punish aggression, usually
security
withing a rule-governed international order
a framework of cooperation amongst states and other actors to ensure
security regime
the peaceful resolution of conflict
Concepts
great power: a state deemed to rank amongst the most powerful in a hierarchical state-
system
1) first rank of military prowess
2) economically powerful states
3) global, and not merely regional, spheres of interest
4) ‘forward’ foreign policy and have actual, and not merely potential, impact on
international affairs
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,interdependence: a relationship between two parties in which each is affected by decisions
that are taken by the other complex interdependence:
1) states have ceased to be autonomous international actors
2) economic and other issues have become more prominent in world affairs
3) military force has become less reliable and less important policy option
globalization: the emergence of a complex web of interconnectedness that means that our
lives are increasingly shaped by events that occur, and decisions that are made, at a great
distance from us
geographical distance is of declining relevance, borders are becoming less relevant and
deepens/broadens the political process constant interaction
approaches to globalization
realist liberal critical
sceptical stance positive attitude negative stance
intensifying economic globalization reflects the Marxist critique
interdependence victory by the market over states have lost power
globalizations has been ‘irrational’ national over the economy
made by states, for states, allegiances and ‘arbitrary’ polarization between rich
particularly dominant state borders and the poor
states single economy gender inequalities
international security: relations between and amongst states are conditioned by the
existence of norms and rules that establish the regular patterns of interaction that
characterize a ‘society’
international relations are rule-governed, these rules help to maintain international order
security dilemma: a condition in which actions taken by one actor to improve national
security are interpreted as aggressive by others, thereby provoking military counter-moves
1) dilemma of interpretation: what are the motives, intentions and capabilities of
others
2) dilemma of response: should they interact in kind, in a military confrontational
manner, or should they seek to signal reassurance and attempt to defuse tension?
cosmopolitanism: a belief in a cosmopolis of ‘world state’
moral cosmopolitanism: the belief that the world constitutes a single moral
community, in that people have obligations towards all other people in the world
political cosmopolitanism: the belief that there should be global political institutions,
and possibly a world government
Global actors
non-governmental organization (NGO): a private, non-commercial group or body which
seeks to achieve its ends through non-violent means
operational NGO: those whose primary purpose is the design and implementation of
development-related projects
advocacy NGO: exist to promote or defend a particular cause
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,Authors
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) realisme
Thomas Hobbes (1588 - 1679) was een Engels filosoof. Hobbes geldt als een
van de grondleggers van de moderne politieke filosofie. Zijn in 1651
verschenen boek Leviathan legde vanuit het perspectief van de
sociaalcontract-theorie de basis voor de moderne westerse politieke filosofie.
In dit werk ontwikkelde Hobbes een theorie van het absolutisme. Zijn verhaal
van de menselijke natuur als samenwerking uit eigenbelang, en van politieke
gemeenschappen als gebaseerd op een "sociaal contract" geldt ook heden ten
dage als een van de belangrijkste onderwerpen van de politieke filosofie.
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) idealisme
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was een Duitse filosoof ten tijde van de Verlichting,
wiens ideeën een grote invloed hebben uitgeoefend op de westerse
wijsbegeerte. Kant wordt wel gezien als de eerste Duitse idealist. Zijn Kritik der
reinen Vernunft (Kritiek van de zuivere rede) uit 1781, waarin hij de grondslagen
en de grenzen van de menselijke kennis onderzoekt en een eigen epistemologie
creëert, wordt als zijn belangrijkste werk beschouwd. Verder vervolledigen de
Kritik der praktischen Vernunft (Kritiek van de praktische rede) en de Kritik der Urteilskraft de
trilogie van de drie kritieken, die grote invloed hebben gehad op de westerse wijsbegeerte De
filosoof Arthur Schopenhauer noemde dit werk 'het belangrijkste boek dat ooit in Europa
verschenen is'.
Chapter 2: Historical Context
the process through which societies become ‘modern’ or
modernization ‘developed’, usually implying economic advancement, technological
development and the rational organization of political and social life
a system of agrarian-based production that is characterized by fixed
feudalism
social hierarchies and a rigid pattern of obligations
literally meaning ‘rebirth’; a cultural movement inspired by revived
renaissance interest in classical Greece and Rome that saw major developments
in learning and the arts
an intellectual movement that challenged traditional beliefs in
the Enlightenment religion, politics and learning in general, in the name of reason and
progress
a structure of domination in which diverse cultures, ethnic groups or
empire
nationalities are subject to a single source of authority
a war involving all aspects of society, resulting from large-scale
total war conscription, the gearing of the economy to military ends, and the
mass destruction of enemy targets, civilian and military
an uncritical and unreasoned dedication to a cause or group,
chauvinism typically based on a belief in its superiority, as in ‘national
chauvinism’
reparations compensation, usually involving financial payments or the physical
requisition of goods, imposed by victors on vanquished powers
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, either as punishment or as a reward
economic self-sufficiency, often associated with expansionism and
autarky conquest to ensure the control of economic resources and reduce
economic dependency on other states
a foreign policy strategy of making concessions to an aggressor in
appeasement the hope of modifying its political objectives and, specifically,
avoiding war
the belief that social existence is characterized by competition or
social Darwinism struggle, ‘the survival of the fittest’, implying that international
conflict and probably was are inevitable
an area, state or collection of states located between potential (and
buffer zone more powerful) adversaries, reducing the likelihood of land-based
attack in particular
a strategy of escalating confrontation even to the point of risking
brinkmanship war (going to the brink) aimed at persuading an opponent to back
down
a condition in which a nuclear attack by either state would only
Mutually Assured
insure its own destruction, as both possess an invulnerable second-
Destruction (MAD)
strike capacity
literally, loosening; the relaxation of tension between previously
détente
antagonistic states, often used to denote a phase in the Cold War
literally, ‘restructuring’; used in the Soviet Union to refer to the
perestroika
introduction of market reforms to a command or planned economy
literally, ‘openness’; used in the Soviet Union to refer to freedom of
glasnost
expression within the context of a one-party communist state
literally, rule by a single person; the concentration of political power
autocracy
in the hands of a single ruler, typically a monarch
Concepts
the West:
1) the cultural and philosophical inheritance of Europe
2) during the Cold War, the USA-dominated capitalist bloc, as opposed to the USSR-
dominated East
imperialism: the policy of extending the power of rule of the state beyond its boundaries,
typically through the establishment of an empire
formal: political domination or colonialism conquest and settlement
modern: economic domination without the political control (neo-colonialism)
Third World: parts of the world that, during the Cold War, did not fall into the capitalist ‘First
World’ or the communist ‘Second World’
less-developed countries were economically dependent and non-aligned
superpower: a power that is greater than a traditional ‘great power’
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