BIO ETHICS PRACTICAL REVIEW QUIZS 2023

BIO ETHICS PRACTICAL REVIEW QUIZS 2023 What was the purpose of the Tuskegee study? - CORRECT ANSWER-Purpose was to record the natural history of syphilis in hopes of justifying treatment programs for blacks When did the Tuskegee study begin? - CORRECT ANSWER-1932 Where did the Tuskegee study take place? - CORRECT ANSWER-Macon County, Alabama How and why was the Tuskegee study ended? - CORRECT ANSWER-Congress voted that the study was "ethically unjustified" because researches never told the participants the truth of the study and never offered them real help. There was no informed consent. How did the background beliefs and assumptions of the US PHS doctors influence the justification and formation of the study? - CORRECT ANSWER-They believed that the subjects wouldn't have gotten treatment anyway, so what's the point in giving it to them when we could just observe them? What inducements were offered to the men in the study? - CORRECT ANSWER-The men received free medical exams, free meals, and burial insurance. The study was justified in part on the assumption that the men would never seek treatment. Brandt thinks this assumption is fundamentally flawed. Why? - CORRECT ANSWER-Because he believes the focus should be on the fact that it was pure deception In what ways did the PHS try to prevent the men in the study from getting treatment during the course of the study? - CORRECT ANSWER-They denied them treatment from outside sources What is the distinction between research and practice? - CORRECT ANSWERResearch designates an activity designed to test a hypothesis, permit conclusions to be drawn, and develop knowledge. Practice is designed solely to enhance the well-being of an individual patient or client with expectations of success. When an activity has elements of both research and practice, what general rule should be applied? - CORRECT ANSWER-The general rule is that if there is any element of research in an activity, that activity should undergo review for the protection of human subjects. What are the three basic ethical principles of the Belmont Report? - CORRECT ANSWER-1) Respect for Persons: treat individuals as autonomous agents 2) Beneficence: Do not harm, and maximize benefits and minimize harms 3) Justice: Who should receive benefits of research and who should bear its burdens? What are the five principles of biomedical ethics? - CORRECT ANSWER-1) Autonomy: Respect right of autonomous person to exercise their capacity for self-determination 2) Nonmaleficence: We should not cause injury or harm to those in our care 3) Beneficence: We should actively promote the well-being of others & remove harm to them 4) Utility: We should produce the most favorable balance of good over bad 5) Justice: We should treat people equally What does it mean for a principle to be prima facie? - CORRECT ANSWER-The principle is binding unless it conflicts with another moral principle What is informed consent? - CORRECT ANSWER-Action of an autonomous informed person agreeing to submit to medical treatment What is the therapeutic privilege? - CORRECT ANSWER-Withholding of relevant information from a patient when the physician believes disclosure would likely do harm What is competence? - CORRECT ANSWER-the ability for someone to make a rational decision What are the five conditions of informed consent? - CORRECT ANSWER-1) Patient is competent to decide 2) They get adequate disclosure of information 3) They understand the information 4) They decide about the treatment voluntarily 5) They consent to the treatment What was the court's decision in Canterbury v. Spence? - CORRECT ANSWER-Court ruled that information disclosed to a patient should be judged by what information the patient finds to be relevant. What standard of disclosure was set by the decision? - CORRECT ANSWER-All risks potentially effecting the decision must be disclosed. Why is informed consent so important, according to judges in the case? - CORRECT ANSWER-Because the patient needs to confirm that they will do the treatment knowing all of the risks that are involved. What are the two exceptions to the general rule of disclosure? - CORRECT ANSWER1) When patient is incapable of consenting and harm from treatment is lower than harm from not treating patient 2) If patient will lose all rational decision making ability upon hearing information What are the two senses of informed consent that Faden and Beauchamp present? - CORRECT ANSWER-1) Autonomous Authorization: When a patient authorizes a course of action 2) Effective consent: Legal concept What is the conflict between the moral justification for informed consent (as seen in something like the Canterbury case) and our normal practice of obtaining informed consent? - CORRECT ANSWER-Informed consent can only exist if the person understands the conditions of the treatment. Sometimes doctors get someone to sign a paper without the patient actually knowing whats going on. How do the two senses of consent come apart? What are examples of meeting the requirements of one sense, but not the other? - CORRECT ANSWER-Autonomous authorization focuses more on the person granting consent, while Effective consent focuses more on the legal side Katz discusses three claims that have been given to support medical paternalism. What are these three claims and how does he respond to each? - CORRECT ANSWER-1) Physicians knowledge cannot be comprehended by patients. He argues that sometimes 2) Anxieties over illness cause regression to childlike thinking 3) Physician commitment to altruism is a sufficient safeguard for preventing abuses of professional authority Katz disagrees with all three. Describe Katz's picture of informed consent as joint decision-making. - CORRECT ANSWER-The patient should be informed enough by the physician to make an accurate decision on whether or not to continue the treatment