Sociology clep 2023 Solved 100% Correct

What is sociology? - ANSWER-The study of people and their actions. They study culture beliefs norms values and attitudes NOT MOTIVATION Max Weber - ANSWER-German sociologist that regarded the development of rational social orders as humanity's greatest achievement. Saw BUREAUCRATIZATION (the process whereby labor is divided into an organized community and individuals acquire a sense of personal identity by finding roles for themselves in large systems) as the driving force in modern society. Weber's three dimensions - ANSWER-Status Class and Party (political) Macrosociology - ANSWER-The study of large-scale groups, organizations, or social systems. RELIGION Microsociology - ANSWER-Social interactions such as a individual basis Capitalism - ANSWER-an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. Socialism - ANSWER-A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production. Welfare Capitalism - ANSWER-Government pays for education and health coverage Communism - ANSWER-Profits are shared equally Globalization - ANSWER-Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope. Monopoly - ANSWER-A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller. Oligopolies - ANSWER-combinations of companies that control the production or distribution of a product or service resource mobilization theory - ANSWER-model of social movements that emphasizes political context and goals but also states that social movements are unlikely to emerge without the necessary resources nuclear family - ANSWER-Mother, father and children living as a unit extended family - ANSWER-household made up of several generations of family members patriarchal family - ANSWER-a family structure in which authority is held by the eldest male (usually the father) matriarchal family - ANSWER-a family structure in which authority is held by the eldest female (usually the mother) egalitarian family - ANSWER-an authority pattern in which spouses are regarded as equals Endogamy - ANSWER-marriage between people of the same social category Exogamy - ANSWER-marriage outside the tribe, caste, or social group Mongamy - ANSWER-having one spouse Polygamy - ANSWER-Man marries more than one woman Polyandry - ANSWER-One female, several males. Matrilocality - ANSWER-a residential pattern in which a married couple lives with or near the wife's family Patriolocality - ANSWER-customary residence with the husband's relatives after marriage, so that children grow up in their father's community Neolocal - ANSWER-Refers to the pattern in which newly married couples set up their own households EQUAL Monarchy - ANSWER-A government ruled by a king or queen Constitutional Monarchy - ANSWER-A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution. Democracy - ANSWER-government by the people like the USA Authoritarianism - ANSWER-a political system that denies the people participation in government Totalitarianism - ANSWER-A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) Hinduism - ANSWER-oldest religion Chruch - ANSWER-A religious group that is accepted and part of society Cult - ANSWER-Outside all cultural norms Triangular Trade - ANSWER-A three way system of trade during s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa Sample - ANSWER-Small Collection of subjects Variable - ANSWER-Everything that a scientist measured and studies Quantitative - ANSWER-Data that is in numbers Qualitative - ANSWER-Data in the form of words falsifiable - ANSWER-able to be disproven by experimental results confirmation bias - ANSWER-a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence Occam's Razor (Law of Parsimony) - ANSWER-simpler of two or more theories is preferred The scientific method - ANSWER-A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions. case study - ANSWER-an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles survey - ANSWER-a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group naturalistic observation - ANSWER-observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation laboratory observation - ANSWER-watching animals or humans behave in a laboratory setting psychological tests - ANSWER-procedures used to measure and evaluate personality traits, emotional states, aptitudes, interests, abilities, and values Cross sectional studies - ANSWER-a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another Triangulation Method - ANSWER-A technique used to record measurements for crime scene sketches, measuring the location of the evidence (X, Y) from fixed points (A, B). longitudinal studies - ANSWER-A research method that studies the same participants multiple times over a period of time Correlation Research Method - ANSWER-Quantitative. A process to collect data to determine if a relationship exists between two or more quantitative variables, and to what degree. postive correlation - ANSWER-a relationship between two variables in which both variables either increase or decrease together negative correlation - ANSWER-as one variable increases, the other decreases Census - ANSWER-the official count of a population random assignment - ANSWER-assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups double-blind experiment - ANSWER-an experiment in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know which participants received which treatment independent variable - ANSWER-The researchers have direct control Scientific Method step 1 - ANSWER-Gather info Scientific Method step 2 - ANSWER-Generate hypothesis Scientific method step 3 - ANSWER-Test the hypothesis Scientific method step 4 - ANSWER-Revise aggregate - ANSWER-Randomly come together primary group - ANSWER-a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships secondary group - ANSWER-a formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding social solidarity - ANSWER-Emotional intensity of the attachments in a group social conflict - ANSWER-Unfriendly interaction between groups independent variable - ANSWER-The researchers have direct control Functional Perspective - ANSWER-examines how communication behaviors work (or don't work) to accomplish goals conflict perspective - ANSWER-approach emphasizing the role of conflict, competition, and constraint within a society Causation - ANSWER-A cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another variable. Demographics - ANSWER-study of human populations. Gender race education age birth and death rates nationality - ANSWER-Nation they are a citizen of race - ANSWER-Common ancestors. Biological ethnic group - ANSWER-Group of people who share common ancestry, language, religion, customs, or combination of such characteristics fecundity - ANSWER-ability to produce Caste System - ANSWER-Born into class horizontal mobility - ANSWER-the movement of an individual from one social position to another of the same rank vertical mobility - ANSWER-the movement of an individual from one social position to another of a different rank Farmer to lawyer society - ANSWER-people who share a culture and a territory Stratification - ANSWER-A structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society. Classes - ANSWER-Share a similar position upward mobility - ANSWER-The movement of an individual up the class hierarchy. Achieved through education, marriage, career, or financial success downward mobility - ANSWER-a lowering of one's social class ascribed status - ANSWER-a position an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life achieved status - ANSWER-Gained by achievement local network - ANSWER-Face to face interactions cosmopolitan networks - ANSWER-networks that are relatively full of holes, consisting of weaker, nonredundant ties Folkways - ANSWER-Actions or manners part of everyday life Mores - ANSWER-accepted standards and customs of a social group Law - ANSWER-A rule of conduct made by a government body prejudice - ANSWER-A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority. Ethnocentrism - ANSWER-A person thinks everyone should be just like themselves cultural relativism - ANSWER-not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms Socialization - ANSWER-the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture gender socialization - ANSWER-the learning of gender roles through social factors such as schooling, the media, and family Anti-Semitism - ANSWER-Prejudice against Jews Anomie - ANSWER-a social condition in which norms are weak, conflicting, or absent Assimilation - ANSWER-the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another looking-glass self - ANSWER-an image of yourself based on what you believe others think of you Merton's Anomie Theory - ANSWER-Deviance happens when people are blocked from achieving goals in legitimate ways Dramaturgy - ANSWER-Approach that depicts human interaction as theatrical performances differential association theory - ANSWER-theory that individuals learn deviance in proportion to number of deviant acts they are exposed to. Edwin Sutherland Gameinschaft and Gesellschaft - ANSWER-Ferdinand Tonnies Gameinschaft - ANSWER-Group is considered as important or more important than the individual Gesellschaft - ANSWER-Larger group is less important than the individual Karl Marx - ANSWER-. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society. pluralist model - ANSWER-a view of society in which many competing groups within the community have access to government, so that no single group is dominant.. SHOWS HOW POWER IS DISTRIBUTED The power elite - ANSWER-C. Wright Mills' term for the top people in U.S. corporations, military, and politics who make the nation's major decisions George Herbert Mead - ANSWER-Developed Symbolic Interactionism. Believed development of individual was a social process as were the meanings individuals assigned to things Christine Williams - ANSWER-- found that men in nontraditional careers and occupations often experience a glass escalator - moving more quickly than women into desirable work assignmenst, higher-level positions, and larger salaries second shift - ANSWER-the double burden- work outside the home followed by child care and housework- that many women face and few men share equitably ARLIE RUSSELL HOCHSCHILD William J. Goode - ANSWER-studied changes in family organization during the first half of the twentieth century and observed that family structures worldwide were moving towards the nuclear family model, which he argued better suited the demands of an industrial society double consciousness - ANSWER-a concept conceived by W.E.B. DuBois to describe the two behavioral scripts, one for moving through the world and the other incorporating