Nursing 2050 Final Exam Graded A Study Guide Graded A 2024

margo mccaffery definition of pain - whatever the person experiencing the pain says it is, existing whenever the person says it does intentional association for the study of pain (IASP) defines pain ad - an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or describe in terms such as damage steps of pain - 1. Transduction 2. Transmission 3. Perception 4. Modulation transduction - 1. noxious stimuli causes cell damage with the release of sensitizing chemicals -prostaglandins -bradykinin -serotonin -substance P -histamine 2. these substances activate nociceptors and lead to generation of an action potential transmission - action potential continues from: -site of injury to spinal cord -spinal cord to brainstem and thalamus -thalamus to correct for processing perception - conscious experience of pain modulation - neurons originating in the brainstem descend to the spinal cord and release substances that inhibit nociceptive impulses Nociception - physiological process in which tissue damage is communicated in CNS consequences of untreated pain - -increased morbidity -respiratory dysfunction -increased HR and cardiac workload -increased muscle contractions and spasm -decreased DI motility and transit and increased catabolism -unnecessary suffering -psychosocial dysfunction -impaired recovery from acute illness emotional responses to pain - -anger -fear -anxiety -depression types of pain - nociceptive and neuropathic nociceptive pain - -caused by damage to the somatic or visceral tissue -deep aching, or throbbing well localized from bone joint muscle skin or connective tissue -visceral pain involvement or obstruction of internal organs intestine and bladder surgical incision neuropathic pain - -damage to peripheral nerves CNS -trauma inflammation -numbing, burning, shooting, stabbing, lingering acute pain - -sudden -3 months or as long as it takes for normal healing to occur -mild ro severe -generally can identify a precipitating event or illness (illness or surgery) -decrease over time and goes away as recovery occurs chronic pain - -gradual or sudden -3 months; may start as acute injury or event but continues past the normal time of recovery -mild to severe -may not be known; original cause of pain may differ from mechanism that maintains the pain -typically pain does not go away; characterized by periods of waxing and waning manifestations of acute pain - may reflect SNS activation -increase HR, respiratory rate, BP -diaphoresis/pallor -anxiety, agitation, confusion -urine retention goal of acute pain - control with eventual elimination chronic pain manifestations - predominantly behavioral -flat affect -decreased physical movement/activity -fatigue -withdrawal from others and social interaction goal of chronic pain management - pain control to the extent possible, focus on enhancing function and quality of life wong baker face scale - Used for small children with pain FLACC pain rating scale - Face Legs Activity Cry Consolability Rate 0-2 in all categories, goes up to 10 points pain assessment - Onset Location Duration Characteristics Aggravating Relieves Treatment referred pain - pain that is felt in a location other than where the pain originates treatment of pain - -depends on the type of pain -treat the underlying cause of pain -non-pharmacological and pharmacological