(Complete Solution pack) Sobo ANTH 402 Section 1, Quiz 1-4, Test Exam Ch 1 2 3 4 5 Final. Complete Verified solution.

(Complete Solution pack) Sobo ANTH 402 Section 1, Quiz 1-4, Test Exam Ch 1 2 3 4 5 Final. Complete Verified solution. biological determinism an argument that biology determines completely one's capacities and characteristics what is a negative effect of biological determinism bio-determinism can lead people to place false limitations on their potential (ex: only men can fix cars, white people are better than black, the poor are dim-witted) cultural determinism culture (rather than biology) determines one's capacities and characteristics are humans biological or cultural? WE ARE BOTH! the whole nature vs nurture theory is BS. biology and culture are both part of a system that leads to greater outcomes what is holism connectedness---- the whole is more important than the sum of its parts. the properties of a system can be neither explained nor determined by examining its parts alone. what is reductionism explaining organisms as machines and reducing them to their moving parts (OPPOSITE OF HOLISM) anthropology the study of human systems and human interactions with the systems in which they are embedded ecosystems All the living and non-living things that interact in an area. an ecosystems populations are all related to each other through various ties involving energy flows (example- squirrels rely on oak trees, oak trees rely on squirrels to spread their acorns etc...) homeostasis the process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment. an ideal balance point at which species population numbers and the relations between populations would hold steady even as time passed. from this perspective, change is seen in a bad way! complex adaptive systems networks of dynamically interrelated parts between which information can flow and in which "emergent, surprising, creative behavior is a real possibility" (change is fine!) what leads to emergence simple interactions between parts to strive to keep a system together can lead to something entirely new // to an emergence // we adapt and something new comes out of it! law of unintended consequences intervention in a complex system can have surprising and undesirable consequences. example- McDonald's leading to an obesity and diabetes issue adaptation survival-enhancing change in a system brought about in response to a change in the environment. adaptive systems evolve instead of breaking down holon any system that is simultaneously a whole unto itself and a part of something larger (example- the state is a system, and so, too, the city within it, as is the neighborhood etc.) ethnology study of characteristics of various peoples and the differences and relationships between them ethnocentrism involves putting one's own culture at the center of any interpretation, in contrast to using the cultures norms and values to make interpretations comparative method cultures under study are compared with each other as a basis for generalizing about humankind; they can also be compared with the culture of the anthropologist themselves participant-observation an attempt to minimize ethnocentrism by living among/with the people of a different culture social determinants economic and social conditions that influence the health of people and communities (childhood experiences, education, social support, family income, etc..... they are the conditions in which we are born, we grow and age, and in which we live and work) how to address social determinants - improve conditions of daily life - tackle unequal distribution of power, money, and resources - measure the problem, evaluate action, expand the knowledge base the CSDH focuses on the "causes of the causes" and eliminating and improving them What are the 4 subfields of anthropology? cultural, linguistic, archaeology, biological cultural anthropology the study of people's communities, behaviors, beliefs, and institutions, including how people make meaning as they live, work, and play together. - holistic understanding of humans across space and time - immersive, local data collection methods - solutions must attend to cultural relative understanding - emphasis on qualitative research what are the two dimensions of cultural anthropology - ethnography - ethnology Archaeological Anthropology - focuses on material remains - observe/reconstruct culture through physical remains rather than observing human behavior - "ideal" vs "real" culture (ideal culture- what people say about themselves. real culture- the material remains set aside) linguistic anthropology - grammar, sound, and meaning in language - historical linguistics: ancient languages and linguistic variation through time - sociolinguistics- how language and culture/social organization and behavior interact and intertwine biological anthropology - human evolution - human genetics - human growth and development - human biological plasticity - primatology applied anthropology - action-oriented - problem-solving are social determinants of health inevitable or avoidable? - they are LARGELY AVOIDABLE - THE GOAL- learn to identify the root cause of a problem and see the connection from underlying to proximate determinants what is culture "culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man (humans) as a member of society" - learned behaviors, beliefs, values, and attitudes characteristic of a particular society/group what are the 8 characteristics of what culture is culture is 1. learned 2. symbolic 3. all-encompassing 4. organizes nature 5. shared 6. integrated 7. can be adapted 8. culture is contested (people learn, interpret, and manipulate the same cultural rules in different ways) what are the different levels of culture international culture, national culture, and "subcultures" (within a subculture there can be different groups) different methods of cultural transmission - direct- firsthand contact - forced- through warfare or domination - indirect- through an intermediary ethnography a systematic approach to learning about the social and cultural life of communities, institutions, and other settings characteristics of ethnography - is scientific - is investigative - uses the researcher as the primary tool of data collection - uses research methods and data collection techniques to avoid bias and ensure the accuracy of data - emphasizes and builds on the perspectives of the people in the research setting - uses inductive and deductive approaches applied ethnographic research concerned with understanding social/cultural problems and using these understandings to bring about positive change in communities (applied ethnographic research vs ethnographic research) gatekeepers individuals who control access to a community, organization, group of people, or source of information building rapport requires the researcher to gain the trust of people involved in the research community stakeholders persons who have a vested interest in what the research results are and how they are used inductive research identifies specific and concrete data bits and provides explanations for why events occur as they do - reasoning that uses a number of specific examples to arrive at a conclusion recursive research continuous interaction between data and hunches/hypothesis until a stable, cultural pattern appears ethnicity self-designated membership in a group working to maintain its cultural and political presence in a national system (not all people of similar national origin identify themselves as members of the same ethnic group) intraethnic differences in the beliefs and behaviors of members of a specific ethnic group (avoid stereotypes!! not everyone is the same within a certain group) positionality the power position in which a person/group is situated socially situatedness involves the specific privileges and disadvantages inherent in an individuals social role/status what are emit/etic perspectives for an ethnographer emit- insiders perspective etic- outsiders perspective ethnographic techniques - the researcher is the primary instrument of data collection - beliefs and perceptions - emic/etic - participant observation - conversation, interviewing - genealogical method (asking about the history of a group) - key cultural consultants - life histories social theory explanation has to do with what is, not what should be. social science can only help us to know what is and why. social research aims to find patterns of regularity in social life reference group theory people judge their lot in life less by objective conditions than by comparing themselves with others around them- the reference group social scientists create theories about the nature of the _____________ rather than ____________ life social scientists create theories about the nature of the GROUP rather than INDIVIDUAL life. - they study what goes on between groups/humans - they try to understand the systems in which people operate dependent vs independent variable the independent variable is the cause, and the dependent is the effect deductive research use facts, rules, or properties to reach conclusions Wallaces wheel of science - theories --- hypothesis ---- observation ----- empirical generalizations how do theories make sense of things - they explain human behavior - explain why things are the way that they are - explain why we do what we do - helps us to make sense of unity vs diversity - helps us to make sense of individual vs group - make sense of socially and culturally constructed nature of human realities what did Emile Durkheim believe she believed in the study of "social facts" and that there was order on a large scale to how people behave what is the theory of evolutionism (lewis Henry Morgan, sir edward burnette taylor, marx) the theory of evolutionism revolves around the idea that all human groups move through series of cultural evolution in order to reach the pinnacle: WESTERN SOCIETY! what did Franz boas think about evolutionism franz called BS!! he went against the idea that western society was the pinnacle. each culture is good in its OWN WAY. we must look at the 4 fields of anthropology in order to get a full idea of a culture description of Marxist Social Conflict Theory human behavior is shaped by interpersonal conflict, and those who maintain social power use it to further their own interests - "Social conflict theory is a Marxist-based social theory which argues that individuals and groups (social classes) within society interact on the basis of conflict rather than consensus. ... More powerful groups will tend to use their power in order to retain power and exploit groups with less power." (Wikipedia) Bronislaw Malinowski British anthropologist (born in Poland) who introduced the technique of the participant observer. "Malinowski embraced the value of studying everyday life in all its mundane aspects. Thus for him it was not enough to simply record what tribal members said about their religious beliefs, sexual practices, marriage customs, or trade relationships - it was important to also studying how this measured up to, or played out in, what they did in every day life" (NNDB.com). what are the two strands of functionalism - society changes in order to fulfill the needs of humans - if you change one dimension of a structure, then others will be affected structural functionalism theoretical tradition claiming that every society has certain structures (the family, the division of labor, or gender) that exist to fulfill some set of necessary functions (reproduction of the species, production of goods, etc.) - basically, society is organized by its structural principles how do Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict view culture as integrated and patterned (mead wrote a book about how adolescence is affected by culture, not biology) interpretive anthropology interpretive anthropologists believe that ethnographers should describe and interpret what is meaningful to natives - "cultures are texts that natives constantly 'read' and ethnographers must decipher" symbolic anthropology a theoretical position in anthropology that focuses on understanding cultures by discovering and analyzing the symbols that are most important to their members Symbolic Interactionism a theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another - Humans don't just react to one another's actions, but rather interpret/define them (according to what???), and "respond" according to that interpreted meaning structuralism (Claude Levi strauss) - search for universal characteristics of human minds (one is the need to classify) - all humans organize and structure our experiences by way of using binary principles or opposition; only real differences are in the tools for observing the world world system theory (wallerstein) global history has been shaped by the rise and failure of a series of world systems - examination of local cultures in relation to larger global forces; economy and power relations what is hegemony (Antonio Gramsci) - complicity with/acceptance of domination as "natural" - The ways in which the powerful control perception such that they maintain power; Generally remains hidden and unnamed practice theory recognizes that individuals within a society or culture have diverse motives and intentions and different degrees of power and influence (culture --- individual // reciprocal relationship) gene A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait allele one version of a gene that governs a characteristic (such as fur color) gene pool All the genes, including all the different alleles for each gene, that are present in a population at any one time. sum of genetic potential in a population Genotype vs. Phenotype -Genotype : Collection of alleles -Phenotype : Physical expression of alleles genetic evolution entails a change in the frequency of a given gene or genes in a gene pool from generation to generation. recessive trait easily dominated dominant trait making their own instructions take precedence over recessive genes what are the 3 different ways to change a gene pool? - genetic drift- general evolution happening in a gene pool due to random chance - gene flow- shifts due to migration - mutation- when genes are duplicated for reproduction, alterations can occur (mutation is a miscopied gene) natural selection survival advantages that particular traits confer allow their bearers to produce more healthy offspring balanced polymorphism pressure for one form of the allele is balanced or offset by pressure against. (example- having both sickle and red blood cells balances each other out) developmental adjustment a long-term change in an organism's growth or biochemical processes during development that occurs in response to environmental conditions (occurs throughout a lifetime rather than generation to generation shift) does the environment or genes affect humans BOTH!!! Epigenetics