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Summary Computing Fundamentals

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Computing Fundamentals (YP0937)

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Thomas More Hogeschool (tmhs)

Dit is een samenvatting van "Computing Fundamentals" gegeven door Majidi Fakhr Hamed. Het vak wordt zowel in het eerste als in het tweede jaar gegeven. In de samenvatting worden volgende hoofdstukken besproken: Network Models, Internet Protocol Suite, Network Segmentation, Network Protocols, Operat...

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Publié le 7 janvier 2025
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Summary: Computing Fundamentals
Network Models and Protocols

1. Network Models

1.1 Layered Network Models
 Network protocols are organized into layers, known as a 'protocol stack'.
 Each layer provides specific services to the layer above and uses the services of the
layer below.
 This structure allows abstraction, meaning upper layers don't need to know details
about how their data is routed through the network.

1.2 OSI/ISO 7-Layer Reference Model
 Developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO)
 Generic networking model
 Designed in the early 1980s
 Intended for multiple manufacturers and standards
 Originally focused on open systems and interfacing multiple stacks.
 Consists of seven layers, each serving a specific function.
 This model provides a standardized approach to communication across networks.
 Normally, 1 is at the base and 7 is at the top
 Layers:
o 1: Physical – Network hardware and electrical signals
o 2: Data Link – Error detection and packet framing
o 3: Network – Data addressing and delivery between networks
o 4: Transport – End-to-end messaging between applications
o 5: Session – Manages connection terms of a session
o 6: Presentation – Data presentation
o 7: Application – Network services for end-users and applications

 Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away

2. Network Devices
 Networking hardware
 Physical devices
 Allows hardware on a computer network to communicate and interact with one
another.

,2.1 Repeater
 Operates at the physical layer
 Amplifies signals to extend the transmission distance of signals across the network.
 Regenerates weakened signals and sends them further along.
 Copies bit by bit and regenerates it at its star topology connectors
 2-port device

2.2 Hub
 Multi-port repeater
 Connect multiple wires coming from different branches (fe: connector in star
topology which connect different stations)
 Collision domain of all hosts connected through Hub remains 1
 Doesn’t have the intelligence to find best path for data packets  inefficiencies and
wastage
 Broadcast incoming traffic on all ports, whereas bridges and switches only route
traffic towards their addressed destinations
 Operates at Layer 1

2.3 Bridge
 Operates at the data link layer
 filters traffic by reading the source and destination MAC (media access control)
addresses. This enables it to separate traffic between two LANs efficiently.
 Interconnecting two lans working on the same protocol
 Single input and single output port  2 port device
 Broadcast data to every node (like repeaters and hubs)
 Keeps MAC address up to date as soon as it discovers new segment  only desired
recipient receives subsequent transmission

2.4 Switch
 Multi-port bridge
 Buffer and design that can boost its efficiency(a large number of ports imply less
traffic) and performance
 Operates on the data link layer.
 Performs error checking before forwarding data
 Only sends valid packets to the correct port  divides collision domains of
connected hosts, improving efficiency.
 Broadcast domain remains the same

3. Types of Switches
 Unmanaged switches:
o Basic plug-and-play switches for small networks.
o Do not offer advanced configuration options
o Suitable for small networks or for use as an expansion to a larger network
 Managed switches:

, o Offer advanced features like VLANs, QoS, and link aggregation.
o Suitable for larger, more complex networks and allow for centralized
management
 Smart switches:
o Features similar to managed switches but easier to setup and manage
o suitable for small- to medium-sized networks.
 Layer 2 switches:
o Operate on the data link layer of the OSI
o Responsible for forwarding data between devices on the same network
segment
o suitable for traffic within the same segment.
 Layer 3 switches:
o Operate at the network layer
o Can route between different network segments
o More advanced than layer 2 switches
o Often used in larger, more complex networks
 PoE switches:
o Power over Ethernet capabilities
o supply power to network devices over the same cable that carries data.
 Gigabit switches:
o Support Gigabit Ethernet speeds
o Faster than traditional Ethernet speeds.
 Rack-mounted switches:
o Designed to be mounted in a server rack
o suitable for use in data centers or other large networks.
 Desktop switches:
o Designed for use on a desktop or in a small office
environment
o Typically smaller in size than rack-mounted switches.
 Modular switches:
o Modular design  easy expansion or customization.
o Suitable for large networks and data centers.

4. Routers, Gateways, Brouters and NIC

4.1 Routers
 Device like a switch that routes data packets based on their IP addresses.
 Mainly a Network Layer device.
 Connect LANs and WANs
 Have a dynamically updating routing table based on which they make decisions on
routing the data packets.

,  Divides the broadcast domains of hosts connected through it.

4.2 Gateway
 Passage to connect two networks that may work upon different networking models.
 Work as messenger agents that take data from one system, interpret it, and transfer
it to another system.
 Also called protocol converters and can operate at any network layer.
 More complex than switches or routers.

4.3 Brouter
 Bridging router
 Device that combines features of both bridge and router.
 Can work either at the data link layer or a network layer.
 Working as router capable of routing packets across networks
 Working as bridge capable of filtering local area network traffic

4.4 NIC
 Network interface card
 Network adapter
 Used to connect the computer to the network.
 Installed in the computer to establish a LAN.
 Has a unique id that is written on the chip
 Has a connector to connect the cable to it.
 The cable acts as an interface between the computer and the router or modem.

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