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2021S01 ENG1502 SUMMARYENG1502
FOUNDATIONS IN LANGUAGE STUDIES: ENGLISH
Table of Contents
ABBREVIATIONS & KEYS .......................................................................................................................................... 2
DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................................................................................. 2
STUDY UNIT 1 – What is Language?....................................................................................................................... 5
STUDY UNIT 2 – One Language, Many Varieties ................................................................................................. 7
STUDY UNIT 3 – Sounds, Sound Patterns & Symbols ..................................................................................... 10
STUDY UNIT 4 – Morphology: Word Formation ................................................................................................. 18
STUDY UNIT 5 - Syntax: Sentences & their Structure ...................................................................................... 22
STUDY UNIT 6 – Semantics & Pragmatics........................................................................................................... 28
STUDY UNIT 7 – Discourse Analysis .................................................................................................................... 30
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,2021S01 ENG1502 SUMMARY
ABBREVIATIONS & KEYS
ABBR / KEY MEANING
** In-Text Definition
abcd Definitions obtained from internet sources
abcd Additional information obtained from internet sources
abcd Information obtained from Prescribed Book: Introducing English Language (Mullany & Stockwell 2010)
abcd Information obtained from Prescribed Book: How to Analyse Texts (Carter & Goddard)
abcd Words that are defined and listed under Definitions
abcd Hyperlink from a definition to its location within this document
Adj. Adjective
Adv. Adverb
AdvP Adverb Phrase
Afr Afrikaans
AP Adjective Phrase
DC Dependent Clause (also subordinate clause)
Eg. For example
Eng English
IC Independent Clause (also main clause)
ie. Such as
ito In Terms Of
NP Noun Phrase
PP Propositional Phrase
SU Study Unit
Syl Syllable
Syl1 (2,3,4,etc.) The syllable number within a specific word. Eg. Number = Num (Syl1)-ber (Syl2)
Vocab Vocabulary
VP Verb Phrase
DEFINITIONS
TERM DEFINITION
Acoustic Phonetics Speech sounds and how they are transmitted.
Adverb Phrase [AdvP] A group of words which function in exactly the same was as individual adverbs.
Affricate Air is first stopped, then gradually released resulting in friction. Start like stops & end like fricatives.
Allomorphs The different pronunciations of a morpheme.
Alveolar Wikipedia: Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called
that because it contains the alveoli of the upper teeth.
Ambiguity A situation where a word, phrase or sentence is open to more than one possible interpretation.
Approximant Air is released by a greater opening in the vocal tract, thus no friction is created. They approximate closure.
Articulatory Phonetics Speech sounds and how they are articulated / produced using the human vocal apparatus.
Auditory Phonetics Speech sounds and how they are received.
Auxiliary verb Wikipedia: An auxiliary verb (abbreviated aux) is a verb that adds functional or grammatical meaning to the clause in which it
occurs, so as to express tense, aspect, modality, voice, emphasis, etc. ... An example is the verb have in the sentence I have
finished my lunch.
Bilabial Oxford: Formed by closure or near closure of the lips.
Colloquialism Oxford: a word or phrase that is not formal or literary and is used in ordinary or familiar conversation (used by ordinary people
in everyday language)
Complement Wikipedia: In grammar, a complement is a word, phrase, or clause that is necessary to complete the meaning of a given
expression. Complements are often also arguments
Conjunction A function word that serves as a connector / linking word to join words, phrases or clauses. Coordinating conjunctions are used
in compound sentences and subordinate conjunctions are used in complex sentences.
Connotation An idea / feeling which a word invokes for a person in addition to its literal or primary meaning.
Denotation The core / central meaning of a word or lexeme.
Determiner Wikipedia: A determiner, also called determinative, is a word, phrase, or affix that occurs together with a noun or noun phrase
and serves to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase in the context.
Diphthongs Vowels that have two sounds and the speaker gradually transitions from one sound to the other in the production of the
vowel.
Discourse A stretch of language that is either spoken (aural) or written (visual).
Discourse Analysis The study of how language is organised beyond the sentence, ie. In larger texts.
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,2021S01 ENG1502 SUMMARY
Domain Wikipedia: A semantic domain is a specific place that shares a set of meanings, or a language that holds its meaning, within
the given context of the place.
Embedded Thoughtco.com: In generative grammar, embedding is the process by which one clause is included (embedded) in another. This
is also known as nesting. More broadly, embedding refers to the inclusion of any linguistic unit as part of another unit of the
same general type.
Euphemism The expression of an unpleasant / uncomfortable situation in a more sensitive, kind and tactful manner.
Fricative Articulation When the air is allowed to flow with audible friction (/s/).
Functional Speech Language usage according to different situations / contexts / domains.
Varieties
Gay Lingo The language used by members of the male homosexual community.
Gender-exclusive Instances where, in most societies, a woman / man may not normally be allowed to speak a variety of the other gender.
Differentiation
Glottal Macmillan Dictionary: A sound that you make in speaking when you partly or completely stop air as it passes through the
throat.
Glottis Oxford: The part of the larynx consisting of the vocal cords and the opening between them. It affects voice modulation through
expansion or contraction.
Heteronyms Words that are spelled the same but meaning differs when pronounced differently.
Homographs Words that are spelled the same, but differ in meaning.
Homonyms Words that are pronounced the same, spelled either the same or differently, but convey a different meaning.
Homophone A word that is spelled similarly, but pronounced differently and which conveys different meanings.
In Code-Switching Mixing of language varieties from one language variety to another as a reaction to an uncomfortable situation.
Inflection Wikipedia: A process of word formation, in which a word is modified to express different grammatical categories such as
tense, case, voice, aspect, person, number, gender, mood, animacy, and definiteness.
Inter-dental Oxford: Situated or placed between the teeth
Wikipedia: Interdental consonants are produced by placing the tip of the tongue between the upper and lower front teeth. That
differs from dental consonants, which are articulated with the tongue against the back of the upper incisors
Intonation The rise & fall of voice pitch during.
Irony Expression of the opposite of the truth (what is actually meant).
Jargon / Argon -Specific words / lexicon used in a profession / community of practice
-The secret language used by an identifiable group
Kasi-Taal A variety of Eng blended with a variety of the African, informal & non-standard variety of Afr used in casual conversation.
Labio-dental Oxford: Made with the lips and teeth.
Language: Functionality -We use the term language to refer to the general faculty which enables human beings to engage in the verbal exchange of
information – to ‘talk’ to each other. The exchange may take place by means of speech, writing, signing, or Braille.
-Language is sometimes referred to as a semiotic system (Halliday 1979 and Carter et. al. 1997). This means that it is thought
to be a system where the individual elements – ‘signs’ – take their overall meaning from how they are combined with other
elements, (for example, road traffic lights). Language is a system of relating forms to meanings.
Language: Geographical The language spoken by the people residing in a specific area / country (Eg. The language spoken in England by the English).
Language: Psychology -“The distinct piece of the biological makeup of our brain”. He goes on to state that, “Language is a complex, specialized skill,
which develops in the child spontaneously, without conscious effort or formal instruction, is deployed without awareness of
its logic, is qualitatively the same in every individual, and is distinct from more general abilities to process information or to
behave intelligently.
-Language is a set of rules, unconsciously present in the mind, which enables human beings to represent and communicate
meanings by producing audible, visible, or tactile symbols that these rules systematically relate to those meanings.
Lexical Oxford: Relating to the words or vocabulary of a language.
Lexis (vocabulary) The study of the actual a writer / speaker chooses to use.
Modifier Academicguides.waldenu.edu: A modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that modifies—that is, gives information about—another
word in the same sentence. For example, in the following sentence, the word "burger" is modified by the word "vegetarian":
Example: I'm going to the Saturn Café for a vegetarian burger.
Monophthongs Vowels which have a single sound quality.
Morphology The study of how words are formed.
Nasal Airflow is stopped at the nasal cavity and released through the nose.
Nominal Wikipedia: In linguistics, the term nominal refers to a category used to group together nouns and adjectives based on shared
properties. The motivation for nominal grouping is that in many languages nouns and adjectives share a number of
morphological and syntactic properties
Noun Phrase The combination of words in which the noun appears as the main word around which the others word categories congregate.
Orthography Writing systems.
Palatal Britannica: A consonant sound produced by raising the blade, or front, of the tongue toward or against the hard palate just
behind the alveolar ridge (the gums).
Phonetics The study of speech sounds. And their production.
Phonology The study of ways in which sounds are combined & patterned.
Pragmatics The study of the use of language in communication, ie. Sentences as used in contexts and situations.
Predicate Dictionary.apa.org: n. 1. in linguistics, the part of a sentence or clause that is not the subject but asserts a property, action, or
condition of the subject. The predicate of a sentence may range from a single intransitive verb (as in She smiled) to a long and
complex construction.
Prepositional Phase A phrase which signals a relationship between the object of the preposition and some other elements in a sentence, ito time,
space, location and association.
Registers -Speech varieties that have a function in the speech communities / situations / contexts / domains where they are spoken
-Wikipedia: The way people use different words, spelling or grammar—talk or write differently—to different people, in different
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situations. Formality scale
Semantics The study of meaning and how meaning is made and understood.
Slang A label frequently used to refer to certain informal / faddish (fashionable, vogue) usages of nearly everyone in the speech
community (used specifically by certain cultures / groups).
Stop / Plosive Articulation When air flow is stopped before it is released (/t/).
Style Business2sommunity.com: The way writing is presented is referred to as style — it includes word choices, sentence structures,
and paragraph structures. If grammar refers to what a writer does, style refers to how a writer does it
Subject (in a sentence) Academicanswers.waldenu.edu: A subject is a part of a sentence that contains the person or thing performing the action (or
verb) in a sentence. ... In the sentence, the subject is "I" and the verb is "will call." Example: You were a great singer. In this
sentence, the subject is "you" and the verb is "were."
Swearing / Cursing Taboo forms of language which express negative / intense emotions.
Syntax -The study of how words combine to form sentences and the rules that govern the formations.
-Both the arrangement and the form of words (Aitchison (1993:8).
Taps / Flaps Britannica: One articulator is thrown against another, as when the loosely held tongue tip makes a single tap against the upper
teeth or the alveolar ridge (Betty).
Tense Wikipedia: Tense is a category that expresses time reference. Tenses are usually manifested by the use of specific forms of
verbs, particularly in their conjugation patterns. The main tenses found in many languages include the past, present, and future.
Tone Grammarly.com: Tone reveals the author's attitude about a subject or topic to their reader. It can be delivered in different ways,
like through word choice, punctuation, and sentence structure
Trill -Wikipedia: A consonantal sound produced by vibrations between the active articulator and passive articulator. -Standard
Spanish ⟨rr⟩ as in perro, for example, is an alveolar trill. A trill is made by the articulator being held in place and the airstream
causing it to vibrate.
Text Books or other written, printed or electronic works regarded in terms of its content rather than its physical form.
Vagueness A lack of certainty or distinctness.
Velar Wikipedia: Consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the
mouth.
Verb Parse Groups of words which take the function of a verb.
Rhetoric The skill of using language in a special way that influences people.
Rhetorical Device A method used in speech / writing to heighten the impact of what is being expressed.
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