Lead is a chemical element with symbol Pb (from Latin: plumbum) and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft and malleable metal. Lead is a corrosion-resistant dense metal that is easily molded and shaped. Archeological research indicates that lead has been used by humans for a variety of purposes for more...
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND
TECKNOLOGY LAHORE
FLOW SHEET OF LEAD PROCESSING PLANT
SUBMITTED TO: SIR SHAHZAD
SUBMITTED BY: 2014-MM-36
DATE OF SUBMISSION: January 28, 2015
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIAL ENGINEERING
, INTRODUCTION
Lead is a chemical element with symbol Pb (from Latin: plumbum) and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft
and malleable metal. Lead is a corrosion-resistant dense metal that is easily molded and shaped.
Archeological research indicates that lead has been used by humans for a variety of purposes for more
than 5,000 years.
Lead is rarely found in native form in nature but it combines with other elements to form a variety of
interesting and beautiful minerals. Galena, which is the dominant lead ore mineral, is blue-white in color
when first uncovered but tarnishes to dull gray when exposed to air. Its metallurgy was well-developed
even then. The uses of lead depended on its corrosion resistance, its softness and ease of working, and its
low melting point Metal pipes were made of lead, starting with a plate that was rolled into a cylinder and
fusion welded down the seam. Buildings were roofed with sheets of lead, and glazed with lead mullions.
At the current time, the greatest quantity of lead is used in lead-acid storage batteries Lead has some
important properties, in particular malleability (i.e. it can be hammered into shape), ease of production,
ease of melting and joining.
APPLICATIONS OF LEAD
Examples of lead use have been known for thousands of years. The Romans used lead on a large-scale for
plumbing, tank lining and domestic articles such as cooking pots and tableware, and also in glasses and
glazes on pottery. Lead use has continued to grow and, in recent times, has risen from 4 million tons per
annum in the 1960s to 6 million tons in the 1990s, due primarily to an increase in demand for lead-acid
batteries.
LEAD METAL
Lead-acid storage batteries
The major use worldwide, primarily as a starter battery in motor vehicles, but also as traction batteries for
zero-emission electric vehicles and to provide emergency backup power supply, mostly for computer and
telecommunication systems. Good rates of recycling are already achieved for starter batteries, though they
could be improved upon in some countries; very high recycling rates are achieved for traction and backup
batteries.
Constructional uses: pipe and sheet
Lead piping is now a minor application, as it is no longer used for domestic water supplies because of
concerns that lead slowly dissolves in soft water and may pose a risk to health, and because of
improvements in alternative materials. However, much lead piping remains in place. New lead pipes are
used in the chemical industry.
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