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unit 4B
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Laboratory Techniques and their Application: Learning aim B. I got a D* in this assignment. Please use this as a guide. Good Luck :)
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4B:Exploringmanufacturing
techniques and testing
methods for organic
liquid
,As part of being a lab technician I am working in a research and development department of
cosmetics company, one of the products I will be investigating will be ethyl ethanoate which
is a nail polish remover. I will be investigating how to produce and test the purity of ethyl
ethanoate so that the company can make it efficiently. I will then compare the laboratory
technique with the industrial process.
Organic compounds are used widely across the industrial processes to make different
substances for example in the making of ethyl ethanoate which is a nail polish remover and
also are vital for the human body an example would be carbohydrates. Organic compounds
are chemical compounds that contain one or more carbon atoms that is covalently bonded
with other atoms of different element these elements are most likely to be hydrogen, oxygen
and nitrogen however not all compounds that are bonded with carbon are organic compounds.
An example of an organic compounds are ethane which contains 2 carbon atoms and 6
hydrogen atoms. Organic compounds have certain properties like volatility:
- Volatility: volatility is something that can vaporise easily and form into a gas so if a
substance has high volatility this means they will become vaporised at a low
temperature therefore it has a low boiling point. If a substance has a low volatility this
suggests that a substance will take time to be vaporised so they will be gas at a high
temperature so there it has a higher boiling point. In organic compound volatility will
be determined from their molecular mass if the organic compound has higher
molecular mass it will have a higher boiling point this is because they would have a
stronger Van der Waals forces in-between them so a substance with high molecular
mass would have low volatility
Reflux:
Majority of the organic compounds can take time to completely react, one way we can speed
of the reaction is by heat however many organic compounds are volatile this means they can
become vaporized easily. Reflux is a technique that allows chemical reaction involving
organic compounds to be heated for a certain amount of time, it works by heating the
reactants involving organic compounds and cooling the vapour to liquid this is done by using
a condenser, the vapour that is produced is then returned to the flask as what is known as a
condensate. There are two benefits to this: there is no product being lost during reflux and the
temperature will be constant. As mentioned above the reason why reflux is used for organic
compound is due to them being volatile this means that that they can easily be turned into
vapour, so during a chemical reaction they can easily be turned into vapor and this can cause
a lot of product to be lost so reflux would heat the reactant which will cause the reactant to be
heated and then condensed back to the flask this will be called condensate. At then end the
reactant can be in solid state and in liquid state or they can be in both liquid state. In order to
heat the reaction will most likely depend on their boiling points.
This is an what reflux looks
like. For this experiment we
will need heating mantle, a
clamp, round bottomed flask,
Liebig condenser and hoses
which will be for the water to
Liebig Condenser: go in and out
, This is the
Liebig
condenser
Liebig condense is used during the process of reflux, the function of the Liebig condenser is
to cool the gases into liquid and then condense it back to the flask. Liebig condenser is used
in the process of reflux. Organic compounds have low boiling points this means that they are
highly volatile so when heated they would be gas this is a disadvantage because the reaction
would be losing a lot of reactant and product this would impact the yield of the product, to
stop this from happening we can use the Liebig condenser so the vapour can be pass through
and cool the gasses this will condense them making them return back to their state which is
liquid this will be returned back to the flask this will be known as the condensate. The Liebig
condenser works by cold water running through the outer tube, this will cool down the
vapours in the inner tube which will condense and return to the flask.
Safe ways to heating:
This is anti-
bumping granules
There several methods to heat the reaction flask safely one of them which has been discussed
above this is known as reflux the reaction is being safely heated. One other way in which we
can heat a reactant safely is known as controlled boiling, boiling can cause big bubbles to be
built up in a reaction. When this happen there is a chance that they would bump this is when
the bubbles forcefully erupt causing them to splash out of the flask this is dangerous but there
are ways to stop this from happening like adding anti-bumping granules to the reactant when
heating. Anti-bumping granules are tiny silica they work by giving the nucleus to the gas
bubbles that tend to grow, proving the nucleus would avoid them from the sudden bursts of
the large gas bubbles which can potentially cause bumping.
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