General Navigation ATPL summary

NAVIGATION
1
–
FOUNDATION
CBT


SOLAR
SYSTEM

EQUINOXES
&
SOLSTICE




• Consists
of
8
planets,
the
sun,
asteroids
and
• Sun
crosses
plane
of
equinoctial
in
March

comets.
(Spring
Eqxinox)
and
September
(Autumn

• Earth
spins
anticlockwise
when
viewed
Equinox).

from
NP.
• Hours
of
daylight
and
night
are
equal.

• Earth
rotates
around
the
sun
in
an
elliptical


orbit
with
the
distance
from
the
sun
varying
• Summer
Solstice
-­‐
Sun
reaches
it’s
most

between
91
and
95
statue
miles.
northerly
at
23.5
N
in
June.
Tropic
of
cancer.


• Winter
Solstice
–
Sun
reaches
it’s
most

• Aphelion
–
Earth
furthest
away
from
sun
• Ecliptic
–
Apparent
path
of
the
Sun
around
the
southerly
at
23.5
S
in
December.
Tropic
of

(July)
earth.
Capricorn.

• Perihelion
–
Earth
closest
to
the
sun
(Jan)
• Plane
of
Ecliptic
–
Imaginary
plane
containing
the


Earth’s
orbit
around
the
sun.

• Plane
of
Equinoctial
–
Plane
of
equator
extended

into
space.

• Obliquity
of
the
Ecliptic
–
An
angle
of
23.5
0C

between
plane
of
ecliptic
and
plane
of
equinoctial.







SHAPE
OF
THE
EARTH
SHAPE
OF
THE
EARTH




• The
actual
shape
of
the
earth
is
an
oblate
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
spheroid.
(𝑆𝑒𝑚𝑖 − 𝑀𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟  𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑠) − (𝑆𝑒𝑚𝑖 − 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟  𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑠)
=

• It
is
flattened
at
the
poles.
This
is
called
the
(𝑆𝑒𝑚𝑖 − 𝑀𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟  𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑠)
compressibility
of
the
earth.


• Equatorial
Radius
=
3444
nm
• 1
minute
is
less
than
60
nm
at
equator
and

• Polar
Radius
=
3433
nm
increasing
towards
the
poles.

• The
polar
diameter
is
1/300
(0.3%)
less


than
the
equatorial
diameter.

o 23
nm
/
27
sm
/
43
km


, NAVIGATION
1
–
FOUNDATION
CBT


GREAT
CIRCLE
LATITUDE
AND
LONGITUDE
RHUMB
LINE





• A
circle
of
the
surface
of
the
Earth,
whose
• Point
depicted
is
60
N,
0400
E

0 • A
line
that
cuts
all
meridians
at
the
same

centre
and
radius
are
those
of
the
earth
• Latitude
fist
then
longitude
angle.

itself.
• Degrees
0
/
Minutes
‘
/
Seconds
‘’
• Has
constant
direction.

• Shortest
distance
between
two
points.
• 60’
in
10
• Will
be
longer
than
the
great
circle.

• 21,600’
in
a
circle
(360
x
60)
• A
rhumb
line
that
cuts
meridians
at
90


degrees
will
coincide
with
a
parallel
of

SMALL
CIRCLE
latitude.



• A
circle
on
the
surface
of
the
Earth,
whose

centre
and
radius
are
not
those
of
the
Earth

itself.

• I.E/
Any
circle
that
isn’t
a
great
circle.



MERIDIANS



• Lines
joining
the
poles.
DIRECTION
DEFINITIONS

• Every
meridian
has
its
own
anti-­‐meridian.


• They
form
lines
of
longitude
• Bearing
–
Direction
of
a
point
/
object

VECTOR
ANNOTATIONS

• Greenwich
/
Prime
Meridian
=
0000
E
/
W
measured
to
/
from
another
point
/
object.


• Max
angle
=
1800
E
/
W
• Heading
–
Direction
in
which
the
nose
of
an

• -­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐>
Heading

• Going
up
meridian
=
Face
north
aircraft
is
pointing.

• -­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐>>
Track

• Going
down
a
meridian
=
Face
south
• Relative
Bearing
–
Bearings
reference
to

• -­‐-­‐-­‐>>>
Wind

the
nose
of
an
aircraft.


PARALLEL
OF
LATITUDE



• Lie
in
an
east
/
west
direction.

• Parallel
of
latitude
=
equator
=
000
N

• Max
angle
=
900
N
/
S