Summary An Introduction to the Ancient World: The Greek World
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Cours
Ancient History (LGX047P05)
Établissement
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (RuG)
Book
An Introduction to the Ancient World
In this document, you can find the second part of the book (The Greek World), which contains
- The Dawn of Europe: 800 - 500 BC
- Classical Period: 500/480 - 300 BC
- Athens Golden Age
- Hellenistic Period: 330 - 27 BC
Summary An Introduction to the Ancient World - LET-GESB101-CEH (ancienthistory1)
Samenvatting H1 tm H14: An Introduction to the Ancient World
An Introduction to the Ancient World: Timeline
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Ancient History (LGX047P05)
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The Greek World
Greece: Rome:
2000-1200 BC Mycenaean period (Bronze 753-510/9 BC Monarchy
Age) 510/9- 27 BC Republic
1200-750 BC Dark Ages/Early Iron Age 27 BC-476 AD Imperial period
750-500/480 BC Archaic period
500/480-ca.330 BC Classical period
ca. 330 BC- 27 BC Hellenistic period
The Dawn of Europe 800-500 B.C
Definitions:
Palace Economy: A Minoan form of economy whereby a substantial share of wealth
goes through the palace (the centralised administration) out to the general
population.
Trojan war: The Bronze Age conflict between the kingdoms of Troy and Mycenaean
Greece.
Nouveaux riches: people who managed to make a fortune in one way or another.
The Greek World
- Lots of trade in Italy and Greece, the middle east. Essentially they had
contacts everywhere.
Dark Ages (1200-750 B.C)
- System collapse. In the Greek world there was a decline in population as well
as a decline in writing and fragmentation throughout the greek world.
- By 1000 BC Greece consists of small isolated communities.
- Because of the absence of written evidence this period is called “The Dark
Ages”.
- During this period we see the rise in narrative storytelling as opposed to just
administrative writing. (E.g Homer and the Iliad & Odyssey).
Note: We are poorly informed about the social structure of the dark ages → mostly
from the author Homer (Iliad and Odyssey ) and archaeology.
Mycenaean Civilisation
- The fall of the Mycenaean age had far-reaching consequences.
, - The strictly organised palace economy collapsed (and never reemerged).
- The population of Greece shrank and (a once so splendid culture) became
severely impoverished.
- The period is also the time of the invasion of the Dorians, who settled in the
Peloponnese, on Crete and in southwest of Asia minor.
- It is assumed that the Trojan war occurred at the height of Mycenae's wealth,
however, it remains unclear.
- Language only for administrative purposes (Linear B script passed into
oblivion, it was rediscovered at the end of the 19th century, when tablets
came to light in excavations).
Homeric Society
- Homer’s account differs to that shown in the Linear B tablets but is a
reflection of his world and subsequent centuries; what can be seen is that
instead of the King being the leader in the palace economy but a wealthy
landowner who was the primus inter pares (first among equals).
- The King peers were also landowners and military power rested on them
(they could afford weaponry like a chariot).
- The rest of the population had little influence on military affairs.
- The values of the aristocracy (mentioned above) had a profound impact on
Greek mentality; there was a sense of proving oneself, competitiveness being
strong and able-bodied
- An example of this is the Olympic Games which was first held in 776
BC.
- 1200 B.C see a lot of migration, especially in the eastern part of Troy, led to a
lot of destruction.
- The elite maintained contact with other areas especially in the eastern
Mediterranean, for example Cyprus.
Archaic Period - Greece (c.750- 500 BC)
Note: Also known as the Iron age (essentially when tools and weapons were made
out of Iron).
- The Archaic period was a time of new developments and changes - cultural,
demographic, economic, social and military changes.
Globally
- During this period there was increased contact with the Near East (Lebanon,
Israel, Mesopotamia), Egypt, Cyprus and the Phoenician coast.
- Through such contact you can see the Eastern influences on Greek art and
culture
, - Specifically, the Phoenicians brought about new types of grains.
- Also introduction of iron tools from the near east ( Phoenicians good at
metal work).
- Orientalizing style.
- During this period we see a growth in population (starting in 900 BC).
- An increase in sophistication
- E.g huts evolving into houses, wooden structures replaced by stone,
villages grew into towns and cities.
- Due to population increase changes in farming practices became a necessity
- Improved grain cultivation to feed the vast and growing population,
also products from the middle east.
- Sea trading and piracy are also suggested to have increased.
- Rise of the polis (from Phoenicians).
- Cities became a hub for trading of luxury goods coming from the near east
which was bought by wealthy elites.
- Colonisation (from the Phoenicians).
The polis
- Villages in the same regions started to collaborate and gradually developed
into a poleis.
- Polis (= City-states) all independent even if they share same culture/ religion.
- An autonomous* political community, including an urban core surrounded by
territory (usually relatively small).
*autonomous = political, military, and economic independence
- Typically with a central akropolis (stronghold/ fortified hill), sanctuaries, and
an agora (common public place) and chora (farmland surrounding the main
town).
- Some poleis were walled, but not all – many poleis would have looked like
simple villages.
- Most poleis were governed by officials with specific responsibilities (e.g
military leadership, jurisdiction, supervision of religious practices..).
- Some poleis were ruled by kings (e.g. Sparta).
- The polis was of extreme importance to its occupants (politai = male citizens)
- regarded life in a polis as the most ideal form of existence, didn’t like the
idea of a large empire.
- In most poleis the noble landowner monopolized the political offices
- Ownership of a land was justified by family claim to ancestral land →
oikos (household including parents, children, grandchildren and
sometimes slaves) very important, especially if they descended from a
famous ancestor.
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