Summary Neuropsychology/Neuropsychology, VU year 2
61 vues 1 fois vendu
Cours
Neuropsychologie (P_BNEUROP)
Établissement
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
Book
Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology
Summary of all lectures notes & examples from the Neuropsychology course, year 2 VU psychology studies. Also includes summary of (almost) all the chapters of Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology by Kolb & Whishaw.
Test Bank for Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology 8th Edition By Bryan Kolb, Ian Whishaw All Chapter | Complete Guide | Grade A+.
Test Bank for Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology 8th Edition By Bryan Kolb, Ian Whishaw All Chapter | Complete Guide | Grade A+.
Test Bank for Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology 8th Edition By Bryan Kolb, Ian Whishaw All Chapter | Complete A+ Guide
Tout pour ce livre (22)
École, étude et sujet
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
Psychologie
Neuropsychologie (P_BNEUROP)
Tous les documents sur ce sujet (27)
Vendeur
S'abonner
evabus
Avis reçus
Aperçu du contenu
Neuropsychology Summary
INDEX
1. Organization of the Brain 2
2. Lateralization and Asymmetry 7
3. Brain Development & Plasticity of the Brain 11
4. The Occipital Lobe 15
5. The Temporal Lobe 19
6. The Parietal Lobe 25
7. The Frontal Lobe 29
8. Brain disorders 32
Ø Neurological disorders 32
Ø Psychiatric & related disorders 37
9. Attention & Consciousness 41
10. The Cases 43
11. Extra: The Lateralization Table (from WG 3) 44
This summary includes (almost) everything from the lectures and info from the book chapters which I
thought is related to the lecture topics
CLAIMER
This summary was made by a student!
Studying from it and relying on it for 100% is your own responsibility.
THANKS & GOOD LUCK!!! J
J YOU CAN DO IT!!! CA
, 2
1 Organization of the Brain (Kolb & Whishaw, Ch. 3, 9)
- Superior/inferior, anterior/posterior ---------------------------------------->
- Ipsilateral – on the same side
- Contralateral – on the opposite side
- Ascending/afferent – from target areas, to spinal cord
- Descending/efferent – to target area, from spinal cord
- Cortical VS subcortical
o In the schematic view of the brain (from the top), the blue areas are cortical
areas (in the middle we see the corpus callosum)
o Cortical areas are the areas on the sides, but also some medial areas can be
cortical!
o E.g. the hippocampus on the medial temporal lobe is cortical, even though it is
situated in the middle of the brain
- Gray matter = brain areas
- White matter = connections (this matter is white
because the connections between neurons are
myelinated (cover in myelin sheaths))
- Axial/horizontal plane = top view
- Coronal plane = frontal view
- Sagittal plane = medial view
Spinal cord
- We have (from top > bottom) 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar and 5 sacral nerves in
our spinal cord
- Sensory neurons (afferent) go into the spinal cord at the dorsal
root, and either connect to motor neurons directly (for reflexes) or
transfer sensory info up to supraspinal areas
- Motor neurons (efferent) leave the spinal cord at the ventral root
to carry info to muscles
Blood supply of the brain
- There are 2 internal carotid & 2 vertebral arteries along
the neck
o Connect at the base of the brain, then branch off
into 3 smaller arteries:
- Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA): supplies to medial &
dorsal part of cortex
- Medial Cerebral Artery (MCA): supplies to lateral surface
- Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA): supplies to ventral &
posterior surfaces
- A blood clot in any of these arteries will cause a stroke
(70% of strokes happen because blood clot in medial artery)
HOW SHOULD WE LOOK AT BRAIN FUNCTIONS?
Ventricle theory of Reisch (very old theory)
- The ‘functions’ of the brain are resided in the ventricle system
- This is NOT true!
o Function of choroid plexus (in ventricles) = producing Cerebro Spinal Fluid (CSF)
o This is the only function!!
, 3
Dynamic localization theory (Luria)
- Complex behavioral functions cannot be localized in 1 brain area
- However, the subcomponents of this complex function can be localized in a specific brain area
o These areas are working together to construct 1 complex behavioral function
Hierarchical structure of the brain – THE TRIUNE BRAIN
Triune Brain (MacLean)
- Neomammalian brain (“new brain”)
- Paleomammalian brain (“midbrain”/limbic system)
- Protoreptilian brain (“old brain”/hindbrain)
Protoreptilian brain
- Localized in the upper part of the spinal cord
- Cerebellum
o Surface has narrow folds
o Many, densely packed neurons
o Important for motor coordination & learning
- Brain stem - Hindbrain
o Reticular formation (“web” of branch areas):
Important for “general arousal” – also called Ascending Reticular Activation System – explained
later
o Medulla: also, vital functions as breathing & HR
o Pons: “bridges” input from cerebellum > brain
- Brain stem – Midbrain (mesencephalon)
o Tectum (roof 3rd ventricle) for posterior sensory info
§ Visual info through superior colliculus (projection from
retina)
§ Auditory info through inferior colliculus (projection
from ear)
o Tegmentum (“floor”) for anterior motor info
§ Red nuclei – limb movement
§ Substantia nigra – connects to forebrain (contains
dopaminergic neurons)
§ Periaqueductal gray matter – controls species-typical
behavior and modulates pain response
- Diencephalon
o Thalamus (+- 20 nuclei)
§ Relay station for all sensory information (except
olfactory information)
§ E.g. lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) receives visual
information, medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) receives
auditory information!
§ Sometimes also relays information between cortical
areas, or between cortex regions & brainstem regions
§ Epithalamus – collection of nuclei involved in hormone
secretion (melatonin), hunger & thirst regulation
o Hypothalamus
§ Regulates eating, sexual behavior, sleep, temperature,
emotional behavior, endocrine functioning
§ Connected with pituitary gland to control endocrine functions
, 4
Ascending Reticular Activation System (ARAS): Important sources of 4 main
neurotransmitters (all SUBCORTICAL)
o Locus Coeruleus (LC) – source of noradrenaline
o Dorsal Raphe Nucleus (DRN) – source of serotonin
o Peduncle Pontine Tegmental Nucleus (PPTM) – source of acetylcholine
o Substantia nigra – source of dopamine
- These 4 neurotransmitters are then projected to the cortex (forebrain)
o All previously mentioned areas (LC, DRN, PPTM, substantia nigra) project
their NT to the basal forebrain. The basal forebrain themselves are also a
source for AcetylCholine. They project that ACh to the full brain/cortex.
o So the ARAS consists of nuclei and of connections
§ This means that ARAS is WHITE (connections) AND GRAY (nuclei)
MATTER.
§ ARAS is also SUBCORTICAL (e.g. substantia nigra) AND CORTICAL (neocortex projection area)
- Basal ganglia
o Consists of caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus
o Caudate nucleus – input from all areas of cortex à send info
through globus pallidus and putamen to thalamus
o Putamen and globus pallidus – output to thalamus & form there to
other cortical areas
o Also connected to midbrain (substantia nigra)
o Basal ganglia are important for movement, 2 main diseases of
controlling movement (Huntington’s & Parkinson’s) are related to
the basal ganglia
§ Huntington’s disease: basal ganglia cells die progressively à excessive movement & chorea
§ Parkinson’s disease: loss of connections into and out of basal ganglia from substantia nigra
à difficulty initiating and stopping movement & rigidity
o Also associated with learning
§ Associative learning (stimulus-response)
§ People with basal ganglia disorders have trouble with S-R actions
Paleomammalian brain
- Integration of internal & external brain = emotional processes and memory
- Location = limbic system (hippocampus, septum,
cingulate cortex)
o Other parts limbic system are amygdala (fear-
/emotion center) and hypothalamus (releases
hormones that activate fight/flight system)
- Functions: olfaction (smell), emotions, memory,
(visuo-)spatial behavior
- BOTH cortical and subcortical
o Hippocampus – location medial temporal
(partially cortical)
§ Involved in visuospatial behavior because the hippocampus has a connection with the
parietal lobe (parieto-hippocampal pathway)
o Cingulate cortex – cortical
o Septum – part of Basal Forebrain, so subcortical
Les avantages d'acheter des résumés chez Stuvia:
Qualité garantie par les avis des clients
Les clients de Stuvia ont évalués plus de 700 000 résumés. C'est comme ça que vous savez que vous achetez les meilleurs documents.
L’achat facile et rapide
Vous pouvez payer rapidement avec iDeal, carte de crédit ou Stuvia-crédit pour les résumés. Il n'y a pas d'adhésion nécessaire.
Focus sur l’essentiel
Vos camarades écrivent eux-mêmes les notes d’étude, c’est pourquoi les documents sont toujours fiables et à jour. Cela garantit que vous arrivez rapidement au coeur du matériel.
Foire aux questions
Qu'est-ce que j'obtiens en achetant ce document ?
Vous obtenez un PDF, disponible immédiatement après votre achat. Le document acheté est accessible à tout moment, n'importe où et indéfiniment via votre profil.
Garantie de remboursement : comment ça marche ?
Notre garantie de satisfaction garantit que vous trouverez toujours un document d'étude qui vous convient. Vous remplissez un formulaire et notre équipe du service client s'occupe du reste.
Auprès de qui est-ce que j'achète ce résumé ?
Stuvia est une place de marché. Alors, vous n'achetez donc pas ce document chez nous, mais auprès du vendeur evabus. Stuvia facilite les paiements au vendeur.
Est-ce que j'aurai un abonnement?
Non, vous n'achetez ce résumé que pour 8,49 €. Vous n'êtes lié à rien après votre achat.
