Unit 11 Assignment D genetics and genetic engineering
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Unit 11 - Genetics and Genetic Engineering
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P7 and M6 combined Explain the use of genetic engineering technologies in
industry and medicine
DNA extraction is made up of three simple steps they are broken down into lysis,
precipitation, and purification in lysis the nucleus and cell tends to break open releasing
DNA the process involves mechanical disruption they are known to use detergents and
enzymes such as proteinase K which dissolves the cellular proteins as well as freeing DNA.
(What are the steps of DNA extraction? | AAT Bioquest Author unknown, 2022)
Step 1 will be breaking the cells open to release DNA they will be separated from one
another by physical means and then put into a salty solution then a detergent is added
which helps to break down the lipids inside of the nuclei and cell membrane once the
membranes are let out DNA is also released. (sciencelearn.org DNA extraction Author
unknown, 2022)
Step 2 will be to separate the DNA from the cellular debris as well as the proteins as much of
the cellular debris needs to be removed this is to get a clean and clear sample it can be done
by using multiple methods but mostly a protease is added to help degrade the DNA
associated proteins as well as other cellular proteins additionally most cellular debris is
known to be removed by filtering the sample. (sciencelearn.org DNA extraction Author
unknown, 2022)
Step 3 is the precipitating of DNA with an alcohol cold alcohol is added to the DNA sample
stirring the alcohol layer with the pipette will make a precipitate become clear if a lot of
DNA is present a stringy white precipitate will form. (sciencelearn.org DNA extraction
Author unknown, 2022)
Step 4 will be to clean the DNA it will be put back in a hardly noticeable alkaline buffer and
will be ready to use. Step 5 will be to confirm the quality and presence of DNA a
, spectrophotometer will be used to see how much of the DNA is in the sample.
(sciencelearn.org DNA extraction Author unknown, 2022)
The advantages of DNA extraction are that it will help in sequencing genomes, detecting
bacteria and viruses and the disadvantages of DNA extraction are that it’s time-consuming
as well as making use of toxic chemicals such as chloroform and phenol. The efficacy is
usually determining the actual number of the samples tha produce a complete STR profile
divided by the total number of samples processed. Moreover, the costs of DNA extraction
aren’t that expensive however the prices vary depending on the type of extraction carried
out. (DNA extraction isolates DNA from biological material Author unknown, 2022)
DNA amplification process to amplify a piece of DNA using a PCR the first thing would be to
heat the sample first so the DNA is denatured or once it separates into two pieces of single
strand DNA then an enzyme also known as Taq polymerase will synthesize meaning build
two new strands of DNA by using the original strands as templates. (Polymerase Chain
Reaction (PCR) Fact Sheet GENOME.GOV.COM Author unknown, 2022)
DNA amplification involves three steps denaturation, annealing, and extension with
denaturation the double-stranded DNA templates are heated up to break apart the strands
annealing is where the DNA molecules also known as primers binds to the flanking parts of
the targeted DNA and extension is where the DNA polymerase extends the 3’ end of each of
the primers by the side of the template strands these are repeated about 25-35 times to
make the exact same copies of the target DNA. (Sciences et al., Author unknown 2022)
The advantages of DNA amplification are that they increase the ability to detect less
common organisms like viruses and they have the ability to test for antimicrobial resistance
whereas the disadvantages are high supply costs and become less effective when performed
with a multi-organism PCR approach and the efficacy of DNA extraction is between 90-100%
also the costs aren’t that high which is a good thing. (Author Liu et al., DNA amplification,
2022)
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