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The Permian 1
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Notes on the Permian
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The Permian period was the final period of the Paleozoic Era, lasting fromapproximately 299 to 251 million years ago. It is named after the Permian Basin in
western Texas and southeastern New Mexico, which is famous for its extensive
deposits of oil and gas.
During the Permian period, the Earth's landmasses were consolidated into a single
supercontinent known as Pangaea. This supercontinent was located near the equator
and experienced a hot and dry climate. The interior of Pangaea was dominated by
vast desert regions, while the coasts were home to shallow seas.
Life during the Permian period was diverse and included many new groups of
organisms, such as the first true reptiles, the synapsids (ancestors of mammals), and
the therapsids (a group of synapsids that includes the ancestors of mammals). The
oceans were also home to a variety of marine life, including ammonites, bivalves, and
many different types of fish.
The end of the Permian period marked the largest mass extinction in Earth's history,
known as the Permian-Triassic extinction event. Around 96% of all marine species and
70% of all land species went extinct during this event, likely due to a combination of
climate change and volcanic activity. The extinction of so many species paved the
way for the rise of the dinosaurs and other new forms of life in the Triassic period that
followed.
During the Permian period, the Earth's landmasses were consolidated into a single
supercontinent known as Pangaea. Pangaea was formed by the collision and fusion of
several smaller continents, including Laurentia (North America), Baltica (northern
Europe), Siberia (Russia), Kazakhstania (central Asia), Gondwana (Antarctica, South
America, Africa, India, and Australia), and the smaller continent of Cathaysia (China).
The interior of Pangaea was dominated by vast desert regions, while the coasts were
home to shallow seas. The Permian period saw a major shift in the distribution of land
and water, with the consolidation of the continents leading to the formation of large
inland seas and the loss of shallow seas around the continental margins.
The geography of Pangaea during the Permian period had a significant impact on the
climate and the evolution of life on Earth. The supercontinent was located near the
equator and experienced a hot and dry climate, with large desert regions dominating
the interior. The inland seas and shallow coastlines around the margins of Pangaea
provided habitats for a diverse array of marine life, while the arid interior was home to
a variety of reptiles, synapsids, and other terrestrial organisms.
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