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Summary CIPP/E Revision Notes

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A complete summary of all the information needed for the 2023 CIPP/E exam. Compiled from the European Data Protection Law & Practice textbook, EDPB guidelines and background reading. Used to obtain an overall score across all three sections of 98.7%.

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  • 3 septembre 2023
  • 62
  • 2023/2024
  • Resume

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Chapter 2: European Union Institutions: Questions: 1-2

All roles and powers set out in the Treaty of Lisbon.

 European Central Bank (can make binding decisions) and Court of Auditors (just know exist)

EUROPEAN COUNCIL

 Meet 4 x per year to define political agenda, cannot create laws.
 1974: Started as an informal body.
 1992: Treaty of Maastricht - forum for governments to discuss community issues.
 Now: Made up of all 27 Heads of State (EU) and the President of the Commission.
 President is elected by a qualified majority of the European Council - 2.5 years, renewable once.
 Decisions usually made by consensus, but sometimes need to be unanimous (set out in treaties).

EUROPEAN COMMISSION

 1965: Created by merging the Coal and Steel, Economic and Atomic Energy Communities.
 Made up of state Commissioners who are independent from their nominating country.
 Overseen by Parliament (so that democratically elected representatives oversee everything).
 First role is to propose legislation to the Council of the European Union and Parliament.
 Second role is to oversee enforcement through CJEU.
 Only institution that can make adequacy decisions.

COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

 1950s: Established by the treaties that laid the foundations of the EU.
 Jointly makes decisions with Parliament – can amend proposals before adoption.
 Issues regulations, directives, decisions, recommendations and opinions.

 Made up of 1 national minister from each state (27 total), e.g. Minister for Agriculture.
 President voted in by qualified majority and need at least 65%.
 Only their meetings to vote on laws must be held in public – not full transparency.

 10 Areas: General, Foreign, Economic & Financial, Justice & Home, Employment – Social Policy –
Health – Consumer, Competitiveness, Transport, Telecommunications & Energy, Agriculture &
Fisheries, Environment, Education – Youth – Culture – Sport.

EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT

1. Legislative
 Shares legislative power with the Council.
 Cannot create legislation itself, only ask Commission to submit to the Council.
 Can invite Commission and Council to consider amending or developing new policies.

a.Ordinary procedure: Both Parliament and Council agree to legislation – equal (DP Legislation).
b. Consultation procedure: Council must consult Parliament but can go ahead anyway.
c.Consent procedure: Council must consult Parliament and needs their consent.

2. Political
 Elects the President of the Commission.
 Can censure the Commission and require all Commissioners to resign.
 Commission must regularly submit reports to Parliament for scrutiny.
 Known for advocating privacy rights.

3. Budgetary
 Jointly agrees the budget with the Council so influences EU spending subject to spending limits.

4. Membership
 Members directly elected by EU citizens every 5 years.

,  Proportional representation, minimum 6, maximum 96 – 751 total.
 Sit in political groups of at least 25 members and at least ¼ states represented in each group.

5. Plenary Sessions
 Members prepare for plenary sessions in parliamentary committees.
 One member is appointed as rapporteur – prepared report on proposed legislative text.
 Debate and amend within committee and political groups, then submit to Parliament.
 Political groups can propose amendments in plenary sessions then adopted by Parliament.
 Procedure repeated one or more times depending on if the Council agrees.
 Adopted by simple majority vote.

COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION (CJEU)

 Treaty of Paris 1951: Started with EU Coal and Steel Community.
 Treaty of Rome 1957: Became the European Community’s court.
 Treaty of Maastricht 1992: Foundational Treaty for the EU. Powers expanded.
 Treaty of Lisbon: Extended jurisdiction and renamed from CJE-Communities to CJE-Union.

 Commission brings actions against state or for individuals and enforces CJEU actions.

 Court of Justice (ECJ):
o 27 judges, 1 from each state, 6 year term.
o Judges elect one of the judges to be President for 3 years
o 8 Advocates General – non-binding decisions about how to decide the case.
o Hears appeals from the Court of First Instance.

 Role of ECJ in DP:
o Jurisdiction on GDPR - hears cases referred from national courts on interpretation of EU law.
o Hears cases brought by Commission against states for failure to ratify treaties.
o 2010: UK failed to implement rules on confidentiality of electronic communications.
o BUT Supervisory Authorities have the power to impose administrative fines, not CJEU.

 Key Cases:
o Google Spain: Right to be Forgotten - Search engines "established" and remove listings.
o Digital Rights Ireland: Invalidated the Data Retention Directive.
o ANAF: Must inform individuals before making a transfer between public administrative bodies.
o Weltimmo: Even minimal activities in a member state can trigger that state’s laws.
o Schrems: Invalidated Safe Harbour.
o Tele2 Sverige and Tom Watson: Cannot indiscriminately retain PD, even for fighting crime.

EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS (ECtHR)

 NOT an EU institution, oversees ECHR which was created by Council of Europe (non-EU institution)
 Receives complaints (‘Applications’) from individuals (directly been a victim) and states.
 Issues binding judgements – gives reasons for decision and dissenting can give a separate opinion.
 Can go beyond states’ partial reparation to afford just satisfaction.
 Judges equal to the number of members, sit in individual capacity and do not represent any state.
 No more than 1 judge can be a national of a state.
 Chamber of 7 judges considers each case.
 Cannot overrule national decisions or annul national laws – cannot force to implement EU law.
 ECtHR decisions enforced by Council of Europe.

 Cases around A.8 right to respect for private and family life so active in DP:
o MM v UK (2012): Cannot indiscriminately collect criminal data – need clear safeguards.
o Copeland v UK (2007): Cannot monitor email at work (no law allowing this).
o Gaskin v UK (1989): Have to allow individuals to access their data.

, Chapter 1: Origins and Development of European Data Protection Law: Questions: 0-1
Chapter 3: Legislative Framework: Questions: 3-7

Rationale

 1970’s: More computers and international trade from European Economic Community (EEC).
 Public bodies and corporations created data banks and automated storage.
 Bad for privacy, worse when transferred internationally.
 Individual states had different laws.
 Need to give individuals control over privacy but still allow international free flow in EEC.

Human Rights Law

1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights – FIRST PRIVACY LAW

 1948: General Assembly of the United Nations
 A.12 (RIGHT): No arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home or correspondence.
 A.19: Freedom of expression.
 A.29(2) (LIMIT): Individual rights are not absolute - limited to secure rights of others (balance).

2. European Convention on Human Rights

 1953: Council of Europe – built on the Universal Direction of Human Rights.
 ONLY applies to member states.
 Enforced by the European Court of Human Rights – binding rulings for changes to laws and practice.
 Council of Europe can request ECtHR gives advisory opinions.

 Need for balance and justifiable interference.
o A.8(1): Right to respect for private and family life, home and correspondence
o A.8(2): Can interfere if necessary in interests of national security, public safety, economic
wellbeing, prevent crime, protect health and morals, protect others’ right and freedoms.
o A.10(1): Right to freedom of expression and to share information and ideas.
o A.10(2): Can interfere where prescribed by law and necessary.

Early DP Laws

3. 1960-1980: State Laws

 Created own laws to control use of PD by governments and companies.
 Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Norway and Sweden.
 Spain, Portugal and Austria – DP included as fundamental right in constitutions.
.
4. 1968: Recommendation 509

 On human rights and modern scientific and technological developments.
 Council of Europe – Framework of principles and standards to deal with new tech harming A.8

5. 1973 & 1974: Resolution 73/22 & Resolution 74/29

 Principles for automated databanks.
 Objective – persuade states to develop own legislation.
 Failed as needed clear needed binding international standards.

6. OECD Guidelines (ANY COUNTRY, BUT NOT BINDING)

 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
 Role to promote policies for economic growth and employment to raise standard of living.
 ANY COUNTRY can be a member.

 1980: Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of PD
o Seeks to harmonise DP laws between countries.

, o Prepared with Council of Europe and European Community.
o NOT BINDING – just basis for those with no DP laws or principles to add to existing.
o Covers both electronic and manual.

 Free flow of data:
o Cooperate with other countries – balance privacy without stopping flow.
o Take reasonable and appropriate steps to ensure transfers uninterrupted and secure.
o Can impose restrictions on transfer to countries that do not observe the Guidelines.
o Avoid developing laws and policies that create obstacles beyond needed for protection.


 Principles:
o Collection Limitation: Fairly and lawfully, if appropriate with knowledge or consent.
o Data Quality: Relevant, complete, accurate and up to date.
o Purpose Specification: Specify purpose at least by collection and use compatibly.
o Use Limitation: Disclose consistent with purpose unless consent or lawful authority.
o Security Safeguards: Reasonable safeguards against loss, destruction, use, disclosure.
o Openness: Open about uses and controller’s identity and location.
o Individual Participation: Sets out what DS can receive if requests PD.
o Accountability: Controller accountable for complying with principles.

7. CONVENTION 108 (FIRST LEGALLY BINDING AND OPEN TO ANY COUNTRY)

 Convention for the Protection of Individuals with Regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data
 1981: Signed by member states of Council of Europe, and open to any country.
 Convention 108 Advisory Committee monitors implementation and decides new accessions.
 If sign up then must enact in own legislation – a response to the Resolutions having no effect.
 GDPR, Recital 105: Consider if country has acceded to Convention 108 when deciding adequacy.

 Use data in computerised form then have responsibility to safeguard – decisions made using PD.
 Goal for unity and extend safeguards for privacy given international transfers.
 Only allowed exemptions if necessary in a democratic society and proportionate

 27 Articles, including –

o Chapter 2: Basic Principles (based on Resolutions and Guidelines) – still used in GDPR.
 Obtained and processed fairly and lawfully.
 Stored for specified and legitimate purposes and used compatibly.
 Adequate, relevant and not excessive for purposes.
 Accurate and kept up to date.
 Kept for no longer than required for purposes.
 Appropriate security measures – accidental loss and unauthorised access.
 Special Categories: Racial, political, religious, health, sexual life, criminal – need safeguards.
 DS Rights of communication, rectification and erasure.

o Chapter 3: International Transfers
 Principle that should avoid developing laws in the name of privacy that stop data
transfers.
 A.12: Signatories cannot impose prohibitions or special authorisations on each other –
already offer minimum protections.

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