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ISA 365 Exam 1 Question and answers rated A+ 2023
ISA 365 Exam 1 Question and answers rated A+ 2023
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ISA 365 Exam 1Statistic - correct answer - Describes a sample
x, s, s-squared
Parameter - correct answer -Describes a population
mu, sigma, sigma-squared
Four components to a distribution - correct answer -Test statistic, critical value, p-
value, and alpha-level
-Test statistic (calculated from data) defines the p-value (probability of getting a value at
least as extreme as the one we just observed)
-Critical value (cutoff value) defines the alpha level (sensitivity of the test)
-Want to compare test statistic and critical value and then compare p-value and alpha
level
The three main areas for quality control and improvement - correct answer -
Acceptance Sampling
-Statistical Process Control (SPC)
-Design of Experiments
*Less variability as you move from top to bottom
Acceptance Sampling - correct answer -Inspection and testing of a sample selected
at random (rarely used in modern applications unless it's a completely brand new
product)
-Items in a rejected lot are either scrapped, recycled, reworked or replaced with good
units
-No feedback into the production process that would lead to quality improvement
Statistical Process Control - correct answer -Includes control charts, monitoring,
image analysis, and other on-line quality tools
-Control chart with upper and lower control limits
-When sample averages are outside these limits, it is a signal of unusual sources of
variability are present and corrective action should be taken
-On-line method of monitoring output and detecting when changes in the inputs are
required to bring it back in control
-Passive statistical method - watch the process and wait for info that will lead to a useful
change
Design of Experiments (DoE) - correct answer -Usually considered an off-line control
tool, often used in R&D applications after specification limits have been clearly defined
-Discover key variables influencing the quality characteristics of interest; systematically
varies input factors to determine the effect they have on the output parameters
, -Active statistical method - systematically varies input factors to determine the effect
they have on the output parameters
- Considered off-line because they are often used during development
Observational Study - correct answer -Observe subjects and measure variables of
interest without assigning treatments
-The treatment that each subject receives is beyond the control of the investigator.
-Sometimes need to do this because an experiment would be unethical (like testing the
effects of smoking on people)
Prospective - correct answer Planning what you want to study and then collecting
data
Retrospective - correct answer Looking back on previously collected data to answer a
current question you have
Experiment - correct answer -Investigators apply treatments to experimental units
and then observe the effect of the treatments on the experimental units
-Since we are in control of experiments, we can make stronger inferences about the
nature of differences that (inferences about causation)
-Designed to minimize bias and so error in comparison is small
Treatments - correct answer -The different procedures we want to compare
-Factors that are applied to each unit
Experimental Units - correct answer -The things to which we apply the treatments
-Ask if you have groupings of the measurement units that have different treatments
applied (sometimes this doesn't exist)
Measurement Units - correct answer -The actual objects on which the response is
measured
-What am I measuring to get my response result (individual items)
Components of Good Experimental Design - correct answer - Avoids systematic error
- Is precise (minimize experimental error)
- Allows for estimation of error (for inference)
- Has broad validity (mindful of overfitting)
Systematic error - correct answer -Systematic error = situations where we could've
controlled for something had we been more careful (not just the natural variation)
-If you have too much systematic error, you are messing up the experimental error
portion
-Controlled through randomization
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