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AAMC FL 1 C-P Exam Questions and Answers
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AAMC FL 1 C-P Exam Questions and Answers
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AAMC FL 1 C/P Exam Questions and AnswersIn the chromatography of the reaction mixture, water absorbed on cellulose functioned as the stationary phase. What was the principal factor determining the migration of individual components in the sample? - Answer- This is an Organic Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Separation and purification methods." The answer to this question is A because the relative amount of hydrogen bonding to the stationary phase will determine the relative rate of migration of the various components in the sample. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to evaluate an argument about causes and consequences
What assumption is being made if scientists conclude that aspartic acid was formed by the prebiological synthesis in the passage? - Answer- A hydrolysis reaction usually occurs with protonation of hydroxyl, cleavage of a neighboring double bond to leave a carbocation, and reacting with the carbocation with your substrate of interest (ammonia). If you look at the structure, the carbon that has the ammonia attached is actually nowhere near a hydroxyl.
What assumption is being made if scientists conclude that aspartic acid was formed by the prebiological synthesis in the passage? - Answer- in order for the experimental reaction sequence to be relevant to the primordial formation of aspartic acid, the starting
materials used (Compound A and cyanide) are assumed to have been available
What type of functional group is formed when aspartic acid reacts with another amino acid to form a peptide bond? - Answer- the functional group that forms during peptide bond formation is known as an amide group
If 2-pentanol replaces 1-pentanol in the reaction shown in Figure 3, the rate of substitution is less because - Answer- the rate of substitution of protonated alcohols is subject to steric hindrance. This inhibits the ability of nucleophiles to collide with the reacting electrophilic center and slows the rate of reaction
If Reaction 2 (Figure 4) is repeated with HCl and the compound shown below, which of the following compounds is NOT a direct product (without rearrangement)? - Answer- because the structure shown in this response requires an additional shift of hydride atoms prior to elimination and is therefore NOT a direct product.
If a solution containing the compounds shown in Figure 4, is injected into a gas-liquid chromatograph, the first peak observed in the gc trace is attributable to which compound - Answer- 2-methyl-2-butene will exhibit the lowest molecular weight and also the weakest intermolecular forces of attraction. This substance will therefore migrate the fastest and be the first peak in the gas chromatograph (gc) trace
What is the product of the reaction of Compound 1 (shown below) with HBr by the pathway shown in Figure 3? - Answer- the incoming nucleophile displaces the leaving group form the opposite side of the reacting center during an SN2 reaction
Acetic acid and ethanol react to form an ester product as shown below.
In determining which reactant loses the -OH group, which of the following isotopic substitutions would be most useful? - Answer- this experiment involves labeling a group which does not exchange with other groups present prior to reaction and will therefore give information about the true identity of the groups, which are exchanged during the reaction.
According to the passage, what is most likely correct about the genes that are expressed as a result of the constant activation of the NF-κB pathway? - Answer- They contain a p65/cRel binding site in their promoter region
"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype of malignant lymphoma. The most common feature of the molecular pathogenesis of DLBCL is the constant activation of the NF-κB pathway. The NF-κB proteins p65 and cRel are transcription factors that can be continuously activated when mutations occur to proteins upstream in the signaling pathway (Figure 1). Their activation leads to increased cell proliferation and suppression of apoptosis. Activation occurs when the inhibitory IκBα protein is degraded. This frees the nuclear localization sequence (NLS) on p65. The NLS is composed of four amino acids (KRKR) and interacts with an importin on the nuclear envelope. "
p65 and cRel are transcription factors. You can then assume that, because of the increased production of these proteins, you're going to be increasing the transcription of
a gene that leads to "increased cell proliferation and suppression of apoptosis". As transcription factors, the genes they upregulate must have a binding region for p65 and cRel. This question directly asks you to apply the information provided in the passage.
Yeah, mitochondrias cause apoptosis, so you might infer that if you cause some disruptions in the mitochondria, you might disrupt the processes that can cause apoptosis. But nothing about disrupting mitochondria is mentioned in the passage.
Which mechanism best describes how P-gp facilitates drug resistance? - Answer- because P-gp is an ABC transporter protein, which uses ATP to actively transport antitumor drugs out of the cell.
So the passage stated that P-gp is a plasma membrane ABC transporter. Going into this, I had no idea what an ABC transporter was, but I noticed the words "plasma membrane" and "substrate specificity for hydrophobic compounds". This tells me that P-
gp is wedged inside the bilayer and works best for aromatic/hydrophobic drugs. This tells me that P-gp must be moving stuff outside of the cell or into the cell. The next
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