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PGDL/GDL (Distinction achieved) - Public Law I

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Achieved DISTINCTION (1st class honours) using these notes. Summarises everything you need to know for Public Law I in the PGDL/GDL course. Carefully curated summary notes, aligned precisely with exam specs, comprehensive and also tailored to the specifics of the PGDL/GDL exams. Organised meticulou...

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  • 19 avril 2024
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  • 2023/2024
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PUBLIC LAW I
Table of Contents
Origins of the common law.......................................................................................................................2
Case law...................................................................................................................................................6
Public law: Equity...................................................................................................................................10
Primary & secondary legislation.............................................................................................................13
Rules of statutory interpretation.............................................................................................................15
Introduction to Human Rights.................................................................................................................16
Sources of European Union Law..............................................................................................................20
The criminal courts.................................................................................................................................22
The Civil Courts.......................................................................................................................................25
Statutory judicial bodies and tribunals....................................................................................................27
The Senior Courts....................................................................................................................................30
Theft Act 1968........................................................................................................................................34
Mental Health Act 1983..........................................................................................................................35
Introduction to UK constitution – the UK state........................................................................................36
Introduction to UK constitution: UK constitutional history......................................................................38
Characteristics of UK constitution...........................................................................................................41
Introduction to constitutional conventions..............................................................................................44
The UK constitution: Parliament.............................................................................................................46
The Executive..........................................................................................................................................49
The Judiciary...........................................................................................................................................52
Devolution..............................................................................................................................................54
The Monarch..........................................................................................................................................57
Responsible government.........................................................................................................................59
The PM, Cabinet, and CMR.....................................................................................................................59
Individual Ministerial Responsibility (IMR)..............................................................................................62
Ministerial Code.....................................................................................................................................64
The Civil Service......................................................................................................................................68
Who is who in Parliament.......................................................................................................................70
Workings of Parliament..........................................................................................................................74
The institution of Parliament..................................................................................................................77
Parliamentary legitimacy and privilege..................................................................................................77
Parliamentary scrutiny...........................................................................................................................82
Passage of legislation.............................................................................................................................85
Separation of powers..............................................................................................................................89

,Overview................................................................................................................................................89
SOP: the Executive..................................................................................................................................91
SOP: independence of the judiciary.........................................................................................................95
SOP: Law-making....................................................................................................................................98
Judicial scrutiny of the Executive...........................................................................................................101
Rule of law............................................................................................................................................105
Rule of law – overview..........................................................................................................................105
The rule of law – tensions.....................................................................................................................111
Rule of law – limits on executive power................................................................................................115
The royal prerogative – overview..........................................................................................................119
Control of the prerogative – legality.....................................................................................................123
GCHQ and substantive review...............................................................................................................127
Control of the prerogative post-GCHQ...................................................................................................130
The UK constitution: Parliamentary sovereignty – historical background and theory............................134
Limitations on parliamentary sovereignty.............................................................................................138
The EU and parliamentary sovereignty.................................................................................................141
Impact of HRA 1998 on parliamentary sovereignty...............................................................................145
Parliamentary sovereignty and the common law..................................................................................148
Intro to EU law – sources, enforcement & supremacy............................................................................154
Brexit and the EUWA............................................................................................................................160


Origins of the common law
Summary
- Current legal system of England and Wales is result of many centuries of evolution and
development
- Common law emerged as part of centralising influence of the monarch in the medieval period
- Common law gradually supplanted locally based and administered customary law
- Legal remedies now available, such as damages, have evolved from earlier forms of relief
- Rigidity of common law processes caused problems which contributed to emergence of law of
equity

What is law?
- Law is the system of rules which a particular country / community recognises as regulating the
actions of its members
o Which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties

Legal evolution
- There are many functions that the play plays
o Maintains the peace and safety in society
o Regulates relationships between individuals and other legal entities
o Protects human rights and liberties
o Ensures smooth running of economic and political activities

, - As a body of rules designed to promote orderly conduct of society, law must reflect the wishes /
tolerance of broad majority of the population
o In order to be credible and enforceable
- Must develop in line with societal changes in order to remain relevant to those living under the
‘rule of law’
- Although development looks to the future, the historical development of English legal system is not
a subject that is relevant only to historians
o Law that we have today is a by-product of a long history of legal development

Stages of legal development
- Development of law in England and Wales can be broadly divided into the following periods:
o Pre-1066 (Norman Conquest)
 Locally based systems and customs of Anglo-Saxon society
o 1066-1485
 Formation of common law and its imposition over and above local systems and
customs
o 1485-1870s
 Development of equity
 2 separate legal systems coexist
o 1870s-present
 Joint jurisdiction for common law and equity
 Massive development in statute law
 Growth of governmental and administrative bodies
 Influence of EU law (post 1973)

The monarch as the source of justice
- Today’s legal system has its origins in the king’s and queen’s courts
o Following Norman conquest, it gradually became possible to dispense a more centralised
form of justice
 With King as central figure
- In Norman period, Curia Regis (king’s council) played the role of an itinerant court
o Allowing monarch to exercise his personal power (high justice) in most important of cases
o Prototype central court existed alongside local courts (in shires and hundreds) that had
been a feature of Anglo-Saxon period
o King was aided in administration of justice by a group of semi-professional skilled clerics
who were part of royal entourage
 These clerics eventually took on function of deciding disputes themselves
 Because autonomous from King and established themselves at Westminster
 Establishment of a fixed King’s Court was required by Magna Carta in 1215
 King’s Council gradually developed and different branches of court evolved to deal
with different types of disputes

The 3 courts
- 3 courts developed from the King’s Council
o First was Court of Exchequer
 Dealing with royal finances
o Second was Court of Common Please
 Dealing with ownership and possession of land
o Third was Court of King’s Bench
 Dealing with serious criminal matters
- These 3 courts remained until Judicature Act 1873

, - To make provision for administration of law outside London, royal justices were dispatched to
provinces with a royal commission to hold assizes (sittings) of the royal courts
o Initially the assize courts had jurisdiction only over criminal matters
 Later extended to civil matters
o Assize courts continued until enactment of Courts Act 1971
- An appeal court also emerged in form of Court of Exchequer Chamber
o Abolished in 1875 when its jurisdiction was transferred to new Court of Appeal

The common law
- Over time, the king’s courts became essential to resolution of disputes between citizens
o Law which the king’s judges applied was based upon common customs of the country
 Hence the term common law
- Process was most notable following calling of first assizes by king Henry II (1154-89)
o To deal with legacy of a lengthy civil war involving his predecessor King Stephen
o Re-establishment of royal power provided opportunity to apply the law of the king’s courts
countrywide
- Effectiveness of new system depended upon growth of king’s courts and their eventual ascendancy
over local courts
o Process did not come about easily
o Expansion of king’s courts was resisted by local barons who saw it as a threat to their power
 Which was often exercised through local courts
o Nevertheless, growth of new system continued
 Was firmly in place and recognised as supreme over local courts by the time of reign
of Edward I (1272-1307)

Common law – meaning
- Important to be aware of different meaning of term common law and to identify which meaning
the term bears in particular context in which it is used
- Term common law may be used:
o In the historical sense
 To distinguish the law as applied by the king’s judges as opposed to law as applied by
local customary courts
o To distinguish the law as applied by king’s courts as opposed to ruled of Equity
 A system developed by separate Court of Chancery
o To distinguish case law from statute law
 Case law: law as developed by judges through system of precedent
o To identify law as applied by common law countries as opposed to law applied by civil law
countries where law is based on Roman law

The writ system
- Common law which was developed by king’s courts was a procedural system
o There was no automatic right of access to king’s courts
o To be able to pursue a claim, claimant had to purchase a writ from the chancellor before an
action could be brought before the courts
- A writ was a document with a royal seal that constituted a royal demand for the defendant to
appear before the court
o Contained the foundation of the complaint, with a different form of writ being used for each
ground of complaint / form of action
- Writ system soon became rigid
o Forms of these writs became fixed and only Parliament could allow a new type of writ to be
issued

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