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AP Biology Exam Review (Vocab) Questions and Answers

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AP Biology Exam Review (Vocab) Questions
and Answers
A site
holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain

abiotic
non-living

Abiotic
nonliving.

Abscisic acid (ABA)
a plant hormone that slows growth, often antagonizing the actions of growth hormones.

absorption spectrum
the range of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light.

abyssal zone
the deep sea where there is no light

Accessory fruits
a fruit, or assemblage of fruits, in which the fleshy parts are derived largely or entirely from tissues
other than the ovary.

acclimatization
Physiological adjustment to a change in an environmental factor

acetyl CoA
The entry compound for the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration; formed from a fragment of pyruvate
attached to a coenzyme.

Acetylcholine
one of the most common neurotransmitters.

acid
compound that forms hydrogen ions in solution

acid precipitation
Rain, snow, or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.6.

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
the symptoms and signs present during the late stages of HIV infection, defined by a specified
reduction in the number of T cells and the appearance of characteristic secondary infections.

,actin
A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming
microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells.

Action potential
an electrical signal that propagates along the membrane of a neuron or other excitable cell as a
nongraded depolarization.

Action potentials
an electrical signal that propagates along the membrane of a neuron or other excitable cell as a
nongraded depolarization.

Action spectrum
a graph that profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a
particular process.

activation energy
energy needed to get a reaction started

activator
A protein that binds to DNA and stimulates transcription of a specific gene.

Active immunity
long-lasting conferred by the action of B cells and T cells and the resulting B and T memory cells
specific for a pathogen.

active site
the site on an enzyme that attaches to a substrate

active transport
the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy

active transport
transport of a substance (as a protein or drug) across a cell membrane against the concentration
gradient

adaptations
the behaviors and physical characteristics that allow organisms to live successfully in their
environments

adaptations
the behaviors and physical characteristics that allow organisms to live successfully in their
environments

,Adaptive immunity
a vertebrate-specific defense that is mediated by B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes.

adaptive radiations
periods of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose
adaptations allow them to fill different ecological roles, or niches, in their communities

addition rule
the probability that any one of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by
adding together their individual probabilities

adenosine triphosphate
The molecule that stores energy that can be used by the cell

adenylyl cyclase
An enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to a chemical signal.

adhesion
an attraction between molecules of different substances

adipose tissue
collection of fat cells

Adrenal glands
one of two endocrine glands located adjacent to the kidneys in mammals.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
a tropic hormone that is produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary and that stimulates the
production and secretion of steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex.

aerobic respiration
Respiration that requires oxygen

age structure
proportion of people in different age groups in a population

Aggregate fruit
a fruit derived from a single flower that has more than one carpel.

AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

alcohol fermentation
The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.

, aldosterone
"salt-retaining hormone" which promotes the retention of Na+ by the kidneys. Na+ retention
promotes water retention, which promotes a higher blood volume and pressure

alleles
different forms of a gene

alleles
different forms of a gene

Allergens
an antigen that triggers an exaggerated immune response.

allopatric speciation
The formation of a new species as a result of an ancestral population's becoming isolated by a
geographic barrier.

allopolyploid
A fertile individual that has more than two chromosome sets as a result of two different species
interbreeding and combining their chromosomes.

allosteric regulation
The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at
a different site.

alpha helix
A spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific
hydrogen-bonding structure.

alternation of generations
A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular
haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants.

alternative RNA splicing
A type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules
are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as
exons and which as introns

alternative RNA splicing
A type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules
are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as
exons and which as introns

altruism

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AP Biology Exam Review (Vocab) Questions and Answers

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