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Clinical Psychology (EPPP)

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Clinical Psychology (EPPP) Clinical Psychology - The study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological and behavioral disorders. Assumptions of Psychodynamic Therapies - Human behavior is motivated by unconscious processes. - Early development profoundly affects adult functioning. - Universal p...

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  • 15 août 2024
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Clinical Psychology (EPPP)
Clinical Psychology

- The study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological and behavioral disorders.



Assumptions of Psychodynamic Therapies

- Human behavior is motivated by unconscious processes.

- Early development profoundly affects adult functioning.

- Universal principles explain personality development and behavior.

- Insight into unconscious processes is a key component of therapy.



Freudian Psychoanalysis

- Human beings are determined by irrational forces, unconscious motivations, biological and instinctual
needs and drives, and psychosexual events that occur during the first five years of life.



Freud's Personality Theory

- Composed of two theories: structural (drive) theory and developmental theory.



Structural Theory (Freud)

- The personality is composed of three structures:

- **Id**

- Present at birth; includes life and death instincts.

- Operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification.

- **Ego**

- Develops at about six months of age.

- Operates on the reality principle, deferring gratification until an appropriate object is available.

- Mediates between the demands of pleasure and reality.

- **Superego**

- Develops between four and five years.

- Represents the internalization of societal values and standards, blocking socially unacceptable drives.

,Developmental Theory (Freud)

- Emphasizes the sexual drives of the id; personality is formed in childhood through experiences during
psychosexual stages of development.

- Over or undergratification of sexual needs during stages leads to various personality outcomes.



Psychosexual Stages:

- **Oral Stage**: Birth to about age 2; focus on the mouth as the primary pleasure center.

- **Anal Stage**: Focus on elimination and control over feces; represents a child's ability to control their
own world.

- **Phallic Stage**: About age 4 to 7; gratification from the genitals.

- **Latency Stage**: Sexuality is repressed; focus on identifying with the same-sex parent and peer
interactions.

- **Genital Stage**: From puberty onward; sexual conflicts from childhood resurface and are often
resolved during adolescence.



Defense Mechanisms

- Occur when the ego cannot manage danger through rational means.

- Operate unconsciously, denying or distorting reality (alerting the ego to conflicts between the id and
the superego).



Common Defense Mechanisms:

- **Repression**: Excludes id's drives from conscious awareness; maintains them in the unconscious.

- **Reaction Formation**: Avoids anxiety by behaving in the opposite way.



View of Psychopathology (Freudian)

- Maladaptive behavior results from unresolved conflicts during childhood.



Psychoanalytic Therapy

- Goal: Reduce symptoms by bringing the unconscious into conscious awareness and integrating
repressed material.

, - Techniques include free associations, dreams, resistances, and transferences.



Key Techniques:

- **Free Associations**: Encouraging patients to freely share thoughts, images, and ideas without
censorship.

- **Confrontation**: Helping clients view their behavior differently.

- **Clarification**: Restating clients' remarks and feelings in clearer terms.



Psychic Determinism

- The belief that all behaviors have meaning and serve psychological functions (e.g., slips of the tongue
are expressions of unconscious motives).



Psychoanalytic Therapy:

Interpretation ✔️- more explicitly connecting current behavior to unconscious processes

- more effective when they address motives and conflicts that are close to consciousness



Psychoanalytic Therapy:

Working Through ✔️- following cathartic release of recalling unconscious materials that contribute to
behavior, client gradually assimilates new insights into his personality

- longest stage of therapy



Transference ✔️- patient's response to the therapist's actual behavior and attempt to imbue that
behavior with personal meaning



Countertransference ✔️- not just the therapist's distorted response to the patient, but a potential
source of information about the patient and contributor to the curative process



Assumptions of Alder's Individual Psychology ✔️- disagreed with emphasis on role of unconscious
instinctual forces

- states all behavior is goal directed and purposeful

- behavior is largely motivated by a person's future goals rather than past events

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