NR511 Final Exam Questions with Correct Answers – Complete review

NR511 Final Exam Questions with Correct Answers – Complete review "Question 1. A 13-year-old obese (body mass index [BMI] above the 95th percentile) boy reports low-grade left knee pain for the past 2 months. He denies antecedent trauma but admits to frequent "horseplay" with his friends. The pain has progressively worsened, and he is now unable to bear weight at all on his left leg. His current complaints include left groin, thigh, and medial knee pain and tenderness. His examination demonstrates negative drawer, Lachman, and McMurray tests; left hip with decreased internal rotation and abduction; and external hip rotation with knee flexion. Based on the above scenario, the nurse practitioner should suspect: 1. A left meniscal tear. 2. A left anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear. 3. A slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE). 4. Osgood-Schlatter disease. - Correct answer 3. A slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE)." "Question 2. In assessing the skeletal muscles, the nurse practitioner turns the patient's forearm so that the palm is up. This is called: 1. Supination. 2. Pronation. 3. Abduction. 4. Eversion. - Correct answer 1. Supination" "Question 3. Matthew, age 52, is a chef who just severed 2 of his fingers with a meat cutter. You would recommend that he: 1. Wrap the severed fingers tightly in a dry towel for transport to the emergency department with him. 2. Leave the severed fingers at the scene because fingers cannot be reattached. 3. Immediately freeze the severed fingers for reattachment in the near future. 4. Wrap the fingers in a clean, damp cloth; seal them in a plastic bag; and place the bag in an ice water bath. - Correct answer 4. Wrap the fingers in a clean, damp cloth; seal them in a plastic bag; and place the bag in an ice water bath." "Question 4. James, age 17, has been complaining of a painful knob below his right knee that has prevented him from actively participating in sports. He has recently been given a diagnosis of Osgood-Schlatter disease and asks you about his treatment options. The nurse practitioner should tell him that the initial treatment is: 1. Relative rest; he could benefit from the hamstring, heel cord, and quadriceps stretching exercises. 2. Immobilization; a long-leg knee immobilizer is recommended. 3. Surgical intervention; removal of the bony fragments is necessary. 4. Bed rest for 1 week. - Correct answer 1. Relative rest; he could benefit from hamstring, heel cord, and quadriceps stretching exercises." "Question 5. Marsha, age 34, presents with symptoms resembling both fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome, which have many similarities. Which of the following is more characteristic of fibromyalgia than of chronic fatigue syndrome? 1. Musculoskeletal pain. 2. Difficulty sleeping. 3. Depression. 4. Fatigue. - Correct answer 1. Musculoskeletal pain" "Question 6. Jessie, age 49, states she thinks she has rheumatoid arthritis. Before any diagnostic tests are ordered, the nurse practitioner completes a physical examination and makes a diagnosis of osteoarthritis rather than rheumatoid arthritis. Which clinical manifestation ruled out rheumatoid arthritis? 1. Fatigue. 2. Affected joints are swollen, cool, and bony hard on palpation. 3. Decreased range of motion. 4. Joint stiffness. - Correct answer 2. Affected joints are swollen, cool, and bony hard on palpation." "Question 7. Joyce, age 87, broke her wrist after falling off a curb. She just had a plaster cast applied to her wrist. In instructing Joyce and her family on allowing the cast to dry properly, tell them to: 1. Continuously elevate Joyce's arm on a pillow. 2. Change the position of Joyce's arm every hour. 3. Position a fan near Joyce during the night to ensure even drying of the cast. 4. Put a blanket over the cast to absorb the dampness. - Correct answer 2. Change the position of Joyce's arm every hour" "Question 8. Lillian, age 70, was told that she has osteoporosis. When she asks you what this is, you respond that osteoporosis: 1. Develops when loss of bone occurs more rapidly than new bone growth. 2. Is a degenerative joint disease characterized by loss of cartilage in certain joints. 3. Is a chronic inflammatory disorder that affects multiple joints. 4. Is a bone disorder that has to do with inadequate mineralization of the bones. - Correct answer 1. Develops when loss of bone occurs more rapidly than new bone growth." "Question 9. Mike, age 42, a golf pro, has had chronic back pain for many years. His workup reveals that it is not the result of a degenerative disk problem. His back "goes out" about twice per year, and he is out of work for about a week each time. Which of the following should the nurse practitioner advise him to do? 1. Consider changing careers to something less physical. 2. Begin a planned exercise program to strengthen back muscles. 3. Make an appointment with a neurosurgeon for a surgical consultation. 4. Start on a daily low-dose narcotic to take away the pain. - Correct answer 2. Begin a planned exercise program to strengthen back muscles." "Question 10. Janine, age 69, has class III rheumatoid arthritis. According to the American Rheumatism Association, which of the following describes her ability to function? 1. Adequate for normal activities despite a handicap of discomfort or limited motion of one or more joints. 2. Largely or wholly incapacitated, bedridden, or confined to a wheelchair, permitting little or no self-care. 3. Completely able to carry out all usual duties without handicap. 4. Adequate to perform only a few or none of the duties of usual occupation or self-care. - Correct answer 4. Adequate to perform only a few or none of the duties of usual occupation or self-care." "Question 11. Mickey, age 18, is on a chemotherapeutic antibiotic for a musculoskeletal neoplasm. Which drug do you think he is taking? 1. Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan). 2. Doxorubicin (Adriamycin). 3. Methotrexate (Rheumatrex). 4. Cisplatin (Platinol). - Correct answer 2. Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)" "Question 12. Upon assessment, the nurse practitioner notes unilateral back pain of acute onset that increases when standing and bending. A straight leg raise test is negative. The most likely diagnosis is: 1. Herniated nucleus pulposus. 2. Muscle strain. 3. Osteoarthritis. 4. Spondylolisthesis. - Correct answer 2. Muscle strain" "Question 13. A 55-year-old patient presents with complaints of paresthesias in the lower lateral arm, thumb, and middle finger. The nerve roots most commonly related to these symptoms are C6 and C7. The most likely diagnosis would be: 1. Brachial plexus neuritis. 2. Cervical radiculopathy. 3. Peripheral polyneuropathy. 4. Thoracic outlet syndrome. - Correct answer 2. Cervical radiculopathy" "Question 14. For an adult patient with a knee injury, the nurse practitioner orders a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) to be taken on a routine basis for the next 2 weeks. Patient teaching should include which of the following? 1. "You may take this medication on an empty stomach as long as you eat within two to three hours of taking it." 2. "If one pill does not seem to help, you can double the dose for subsequent doses." 3. "If you notice nausea, vomiting, or black or bloody stools, take the next dose with a glass of milk or a full meal." 4. "If you have additional pain, an occasional acetaminophen (Tylenol) is permitted in between the usual doses of the NSAID." - Correct answer 4. "If you have additional pain, an occasional acetaminophen (Tylenol) is permitted in between the usual doses of the NSAID."" "Question 15. You are assessing Jamal, age 16, after a football injury to his right knee. You elicit a positive anterior/posterior drawer sign. This test indicates an injury to the: 1. Lateral meniscus. 2. Cruciate ligament. 3. Medial meniscus. 4. Collateral ligament. - Correct answer 2. Cruciate ligament" "Question 16. Sean, a factory line worker, has osteoarthritis (OA) of the right hand. According to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR), the guidelines for pharmacologic treatment include: 1. Acetaminophen, tramadol, and intra-articular corticosteroid injections. 2. Oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), tramadol, and articular corticosteroid injections. 3. Acetaminophen, topical capsaicin, and topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). 4. Topical capsaicin, topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and oral NSAIDs. - Correct answer 4. Topical capsaicin, topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and oral NSAIDs." "Question 17. Margaret, age 55, presents to you for evaluation of left hand and wrist pain and swelling after a slip and fall on the ice yesterday. On examination, you note tenderness at her "anatomical snuffbox." You know this probably indicates a(n): 1. Ulnar styloid fracture. 2. Scaphoid fracture. 3. Hamate fracture. 4. Radial head fracture. - Correct answer 2. Scaphoid fracture" "Question 18. Christian, age 22, is a carpenter who is right hand dominant. He comes to the clinic for follow-up from the emergency department, where he was seen for right forearm pain. He states he was diagnosed with right forearm tendinitis and wants the provider to explain this diagnosis to him. Patient teaching should explain that he has inflammation of one or more tendons, which are: 1. The ropelike bundles of collagen fibrils that connect bone to bone. 2. The collagen fibers that connect muscle to bone. 3. The pouches of synovial fluid that cushion bone and other joint structures. 4. The fibrocartilaginous disks that separate bony surfaces. - Correct answer 2. The collagen fibers that connect muscle to bone." "Question 19. Steve, age 32, fell off a roof while shingling it. He is complaining of pain in his left hip and leg area. Other than an x-ray, what would make you suspect a fractured pelvis? 1. A clicking sensation when moving the hips. 2. A positive pelvic tilt test. 3. Hematuria. 4. Absence of distal reflexes. - Correct answer 3. Hematuria" "Question 20. John, age 16, works as a stock boy at the local supermarket. He is in the office for a routine visit. You notice that he had an episode of low back pain 6 months ago after lifting heavy boxes improperly. In discussing with him proper body mechanics to prevent future injuries, you tell him: 1. "Bend your knees and face the object straight on." 2. "Hold boxes away from your body at arm's length." 3. "Bend and twist simultaneously as you lift." 4. "Keep your feet firmly together." - Correct answer 1. "Bend your knees and face the object straight on"." "Question 21. During assessment of a client's foot, the nurse practitioner notes that the foot is in alignment with the long axis of the lower leg and that weight-bearing falls on the middle of the foot from the heel, along the midfoot, to between the second and third toes. These findings best describe: 1. A normal foot. 2. Hallux valgus. 3. Talipes equinovarus. 4. Hammertoes. - Correct answer 1. A normal foot" "Question 22. Jeffrey, age 16, was involved in a motor vehicle accident. He walks in to the office with an obvious facial fracture and then collapses. What should the first action of the nurse practitioner be? 1. Calling his parents for permission to treat. 2. Assessing for an adequate airway. 3. Obtaining a head and maxillofacial computed tomography (CT). 4. Assessing for a septal hematoma. - Correct answer 2. Assessing for an adequate airway" "Question 23. Beth, age 49, comes in with low back pain. An x-ray of the lumbosacral spine is within normal limits. Which of the following diagnoses do you explore further? 1. Scoliosis. 2. Osteoarthritis. 3. Spinal stenosis. 4. Herniated nucleus pulposus. - Correct answer 4. Herniated nucleus pulposus" "Question 24. The nurse practitioner suspects adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in Victoria, age 15, who is in her "growth spurt." An Adams forward bend test is performed, and it is noted that the patient has a right-sided rib hump. What is this indicative of? 1. Right lumbar shifting. 2. Right thoracic curvature. 3. Right truncal shift. 4. Spondylolysis. - Correct answer 2. Right thoracic curvature" "Question 25. Jim, age 22, a stock boy, has an acute episode of low back pain. The nurse practitioner orders a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and should educate him in which of the following? 1. Maintaining moderate bed rest for 3 to 4 days. 2. Calling the office for narcotic medication if there is no relief with the NSAID after 24 to 48 hours. 3. Beginning lower back strengthening exercises depending on pain tolerance. 4. Wearing a Boston brace at night. - Correct answer 3. Beginning lower back strengthening exercises depending on pain tolerance." "Question 26. Mrs. Kelly, age 80, has a curvature of the spine. This is likely to indicate which age-related change? 1. Lordosis. 2. Dorsal kyphosis. 3. Scoliosis. 4. Kyphoscoliosis. - Correct answer 2. Dorsal Kyphosis" "Question 27. The valgus stress test, varus stress test, Lachman test, and thumb sign are all considered standard tests to check the integrity of the ligaments of the knee. Which test would the nurse practitioner choose to assess the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), which is the most commonly involved structure in severe knee injury? 1. Valgus stress test. 2. Varus stress test. 3. Lachman test. 4. Thumb sign. - Correct answer 3. Lachman test" "Question 28. Sandy, age 49, presents with loss of anal sphincter tone, impaired micturition, incontinence, and progressive loss of strength in the legs. You suspect cauda equina syndrome. What is your next action? 1. Ordering physical therapy. 2. Ordering a lumbosacral x-ray. 3. Ordering extensive lab work. 4. Referring to a neurosurgeon. - Correct answer 4. Referring to a neurosurgeon" "Question 29. When teaching Alice, age 77, to use a cane because of osteoarthritis of her left knee, an important point to stress is: 1. Carrying the cane in the ipsilateral hand. 2. Advancing the cane with the ipsilateral leg. 3. Making sure the cane length equals the height of the iliac crest. 4. Using the cane to aid in joint protection and safety. - Correct answer 2. Advancing the cane with the ipsilateral leg." "Question 30. June, age 67, presents with back pain with no precipitating event. The pain is located over her lower back muscles and spine, without sciatica, and it is aggravated by sitting, standing, and certain movements. It is alleviated with rest. Palpation localizes the pain, and muscle spasms are felt. There was an insidious onset with progressive improvement. What is the most likely diagnosis? 1. Ankylosing spondylitis. 2. Musculoskeletal strain. 3. Spondylolisthesis. 4. Herniated disk. - Correct answer 2. Musculoskeletal strain" "Question 31. You are caring for a patient who has a history of psoriasis and is now showing signs of joint involvement. Seropositivity provides a definitive diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis (PsA). The initial treatment choice for management of the patient is: 1. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). 2. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). 3. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors. 4. Uricosuric medications. - Correct answer 2. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)" "Question 32. Anne, age 67, sustained a fall on an outstretched hand. She presents holding her arm against her chest with her elbow flexed. Based on the specific location of her pain, you suspect a radial head fracture. The best initial strategy to assess for a radial head fracture would be: 1. To palpate for tenderness, swelling, and crepitus just distal to the lateral epicondyle. 2. To palpate for tenderness, swelling, and crepitus along the radial wrist. 3. To palpate for tenderness in the "anatomical snuffbox." 4. To order an x-ray of the wrist. - Correct answer 1. To palpate for tenderness, swelling, and crepitus just distal to the lateral epicondyle." "Question 33. Hilda, age 73, presents with a complaint of low back pain. Red flags in her history of a minor fall, osteopenia, and prolonged steroid use for systemic lupus erythematosus suggest the possibility of which of the following serious underlying conditions as the cause of her low back pain? 1. Cancer. 2. Cauda equina syndrome. 3. Neurologic compromise. 4. Spinal fracture. - Correct answer 4. Spinal fracture" "Question 34. Anne Marie states she has a maternal history of rheumatoid disease, but she has never been affected. Today she presents with complaints of dryness of the eyes and mouth. What is the most likely diagnosis? 1. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). 2. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). 3. Sjögren syndrome. 4. Rosacea. - Correct answer 3. Sjögren syndrome." "Question 35. A nurse practitioner is driving home from work and stops at the scene of a motorcycle accident that must have just occurred, as there are no rescue vehicles present. The driver is lying unconscious at the side of the road with an obvious open fracture of his femur. Which of the following actions should take priority? 1. Stopping the bleeding from the wound. 2. Determining if there has been a cervical fracture. 3. Establishing an airway. 4. Palpating the peripheral pulses. - Correct answer 3. Establishing an airway" "Question 36. A nurse practitioner is trying to distinguish between an articular and a nonarticular musculoskeletal complaint in a 26-year-old patient complaining of pain in the elbow area. Which of the following would characterize nonarticular bursitis? 1. Deep or diffuse pain. 2. Limited range of motion (ROM) on active and passive movement. 3. Point or focal tenderness. 4. Swelling and instability. - Correct answer 3. Point or focal tenderness" "Question 37. Greg, age 26, runs marathons and frequently complains of painful contractions of his calf muscles after running. You attribute this to: 1. Hypercalcemia. 2. Hyponatremia. 3. Heat exhaustion. 4. Dehydration. - Correct answer 2. Hyponatremia" "Question 38. Mr. McKinsey, age 69, was recently given a diagnosis of degenerative joint disease. Which assessment should the nurse practitioner use to check for effusion of the patient's knee? 1. Thomas test. 2. Tinel test. 3. Bulge test. 4. Phalen test. - Correct answer 3. Bulge test" "Question 39. The nurse practitioner is considering a diagnosis of calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPPD), or pseudogout, in a 72-year-old man who presents with complaints of pain and stiffness in his wrists and knees. The most useful diagnostic tests to assist in confirming this diagnosis would be: 1. Synovial fluid analysis and x-ray. 2. Bacterial cultures. 3. Bone scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). 4. Anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) and rheumatoid factor (RF). - Correct answer 1. Synovial fluid analysis and x-ray" "Question 40. Ethan, age 10, jumped off a 2-foot wall, twisting his foot and ankle upon landing. His ankle x-ray demonstrates a fracture of the distal tibia, over the articular surface, through the epiphysis and physis. Based on the Salter-Harris classification of growth plate injuries, you know this is a: 1. Salter-Harris II fracture. 2. Salter-Harris III fracture. 3. Salter-Harris IV fracture. 4. Salter-Harris V fracture. - Correct answer 2. Salter-Harris III fracture" "Question 41. Sam, age 50, presents with Paget disease that has been stable for several years. Recently, his serum alkaline phosphatase level has been steadily rising. The nurse practitioner determines that it is time to start him on pharmacologic management. Which of the following should she initially prescribe? 1. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). 2. Corticosteroids. 3. Bisphosphonates. 4. Calcitonin. - Correct answer 3. Bisphosphonates" "Question 42. Cass, age 67, tells the nurse practitioner (NP) that she has been diagnosed with a condition that causes sudden flares of pain, swelling, and redness of the joints in her toes. She cannot remember the name of the diagnosis, but she knows it is caused by urate crystals that "get stuck in the joint and cause pain." She is on hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) for management of her hypertension. The NP should suspect a diagnosis of: 1. Septic arthritis. 2. Gout. 3. Rheumatoid arthritis. 4. Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy. - Correct answer 2. Gout" "Question 43. In assessing a patient, you place the tips of your first 2 fingers in front of each ear and ask the patient to open and close his mouth. Then you drop your fingers into the depressed area over the joint and assess for smooth motion of the mandible. With this action, you are checking for: 1. Maxillomandibular integrity. 2. Well-positioned permanent teeth or well-fitting dentures. 3. Temporomandibular joint syndrome. 4. Mastoid inflammation. - Correct answer 3. Temporomandibular joint syndrome" "Question 44. Sandra, a computer programmer, has just been given a new diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. The nurse practitioner's next step is to: 1. Refer her to a hand surgeon. 2. Take a more complete history. 3. Try neutral position wrist splinting and order an oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). 4. Order nerve conduction studies and electromyography (EMG). - Correct answer 3. Try neutral position wrist splinting and order an oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)." "Question 45. A 55-year-old patient is able to complete range of motion (ROM) against gravity with some resistance. The nurse practitioner would assign which of the following numerical grades to this manual muscle testing description? 1. 5. 2. 4. 3. 3. 4. 2. - Correct answer 2. 4" "Question 46. Alexander, age 12, sprained his ankle playing ice hockey. He is confused as to whether he should apply heat or cold. What should the nurse practitioner tell him? 1. "Use continuous heat for the first 12 hours and then use heat or cold to your own preference." 2. "Use continuous cold for the first 12 hours and then use heat or cold to your own preference." 3. "Apply cold for 20 minutes, then remove it for 30 to 45 minutes; repeat this for the first 24 to 48 hours while awake." 4. "Alternate between cold and heat for 20 minutes each for the first 24 to 48 hours." - Correct answer 3. "Apply cold for 20 minutes, then remove it for 30 to 45 minutes; repeat this for the first 24 to 48 hours while awake."" "Question 47. Daniel, age 45, is of Northern European ancestry and has a dysfunctional and disfiguring condition affecting the palmar tissue under the skin of the distal palm and fourth and fifth fingers. What do you suspect? 1. Hallux valgus. 2. De Quervain tenosynovitis. 3. Dupuytren contracture. 4. Hallux rigidus. - Correct answer 3. Dupuytren contracture" "Question 48. Paul has a malignant fibrosarcoma of the femur. He recently had surgery and is now on radiation therapy. You want to order a test to determine the extent of the tumor invasion of the surrounding tissues and the response of the bone tumor to the radiation. Which of the following tests should you order? 1. An x-ray. 2. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. 3. A computed tomography (CT) scan. 4. A needle biopsy. - Correct answer 2. MRI scan" "Question 49. The nurse practitioner (NP) suspects a herniated disk in a 72-year-old patient. The NP elevates the patient's affected leg when she is in the supine position, and it elicits back and sciatic nerve pain, which indicates a positive test. This is known as which test or sign? 1. Femoral stretch test. 2. Crossed straight leg raise test. 3. Doorbell sign. 4. Straight leg raise test. - Correct answer 4. Straight leg raise test" "Question 50. Jill, age 49, has recently begun a rigorous weightlifting regimen. She presents to the primary care office with a shoulder dislocation. Which of the following clinical manifestations leads the nurse practitioner to suspect an anterior shoulder dislocation over a posterior dislocation? 1. Inability to shrug the shoulder. 2. Absence of pain. 3. Inability to rotate the shoulder externally. 4. Shortening of the arm. - Correct answer 1. Inability to shrug the shoulder" "Question 51. Karen, who is postmenopausal, is taking 1200 mg of calcium daily but does not understand why she also needs to take vitamin D. You tell her that: 1. A deficiency of vitamin D results in inadequate mineralization of bone matrix. 2. All vitamins need to be supplemented. 3. Vitamin D increases intestinal absorption of dietary calcium and mobilizes calcium from the bone. 4. Vitamin D binds with calcium to allow active transport into the cells. - Correct answer 3. Vitamin D increases intestinal absorption of dietary calcium and mobilizes calcium from the bone." "Question 52. Lois, age 52, who has just been given a diagnosis of sarcoidosis, has joint symptoms, including arthralgias and arthritis. Your next plan of action would be to: 1. Order a bone scan. 2. Obtain a tissue biopsy. 3. Begin a course of glucocorticoids. 4. Order daily doses of vitamin B. - Correct answer 3. Begin a course of glucocorticoids" "Question 53. The nurse practitioner (NP) is assessing Maya, a 69-year-old Asian woman, for the first time. When trying to differentiate between scoliosis and kyphosis, the NP recalls that kyphosis involves: 1. Asymmetry of the shoulders, scapulae, and waist creases. 2. A lateral curvature and vertebral rotation on posteroanterior x-rays. 3. One leg appearing shorter than the other. 4. A posterior rounding at the thoracic level. - Correct answer 4. A posterior rounding at the thoracic level" "Question 54. Alan, age 46, presents with a tender, red, swollen knee. You rule out septic arthritis and diagnose gout by confirming: 1. An elevated white blood cell (WBC) count. 2. Hyperuricemia. 3. A significant response to a dose of ceftriaxone (Rocephin). 4. A positive antinuclear antibody test. - Correct answer 2. Hyperuricemia" "1. What is the medication of choice for an initial acute attack of gout? a. A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). b. Colchicine c. A corticosteroid d. Allopurinol (Zyloprim) - Correct answer A. NSAID" "1. Marsha, age 24, is preparing for radioactive iodine therapy for her Graves disease. Which test must she undergo first? a. Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin b. Basal metabolism rate c. Lithium level d. Serum calcium - Correct answer A. Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin" "1. When teaching Marcy how to use her new insulin pump, you tell her that she needs to monitor her blood glucose level: a. At least once a day. b. Only occasionally because glycemic levels are maintained very steadily. c. At least 4 times a day. d. On an as needed basis when she feels she needs to give herself an extra dose of insulin. - Correct answer C. At least 4 times a day" "1. Joan has severe asthma and has been on high dose oral corticosteroids for 2 years. She has been reading some home remedy books and stops all of her medications. What condition may she develop? a. Myxedema crisis. b. Diabetes insipidus. c. Hypoparathyroidism. d. Addisonian crisis. - Correct answer D. Addisonian crisis" "1. The process of aging results in: a. An increase in liver weight and mass. b. A decreased absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. c. An increase in enzyme activity. d. Constricted pancreatic ducts. - Correct answer B. A decreased absorption of fat-soluble vitamins" "1. Sigrid, age 48, appears with a 3-month history of heat intolerance, increased sweating, palpitations, tachycardia, nervousness, irritability, fatigue, and muscle weakness. Which test would you order first? a. A blood chemistry panel. b. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level. c. Liver function studies. d. Electrocardiogram. - Correct answer B. TSH level" "1. A client with newly diagnosed diabetes who has a glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) of 7.5 is started on therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLCs) and medical nutrition therapy (MNT). Which oral antidiabetic agent is recommended as monotherapy? a. Glipizide (Glucotrol). b. Sitagliptin (Januvia). c. Exenatide (Byetta). d. Metformin (Glucophage). - Correct answer D. Metformin" "1. Mr. Reynolds is on the antithyroid drug (ATD) methimazole (Tapazole), so you make it a point to check his: a. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). b. Complete blood count (CBC) and liver transaminases. c. Uric acid level. d. Total thyroxine (T4). - Correct answer B. CBC and liver transaminases" "1. After an oral cholecystogram, Sam complains of burning on urination. This is because of: a. A mild reaction to the contrast medium. b. Biliary obstruction. c. Contraction of the gallbladder. d. The presence of dye in the urine. - Correct answer D. The presence of dye in the urine" "1. Which class of antihypertensive agents may be problematic for clients with diabetes? a. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. b. Calcium channel blockers. c. Beta blockers. d. Alpha blockers. - Correct answer C. Beta blockers" "1. The major risk factor for thyroid cancer is: a. Inadequate iodine intake. b. Presence of a goiter. c. Exposure to radiation. d. Smoking. - Correct answer C. Exposure to radiation" "1. Marty has pheochromocytoma. You instruct him to: a. Void frequently in small amounts. b. Not exercise for more than 30 minutes at a time. c. Avoid sleeping in the prone position. d. Take steroids. - Correct answer A. Void frequently in small amounts." "1. Jeffery, age 17, has gynecomastia. You should also assess him for: a. Obesity. b. Endocrine abnormalities. c. Testicular cancer. d. Tuberculosis. - Correct answer C. Testicular cancer" "1. Jeremiah, age 72, has gout and is obese. When teaching him about diet, whick of the following do you tell him? a. "Beer and wine are okay because they have no effect on uric acid." b. "Keeping your weight stable, even if you are a little overweight, is better than fluctuating." c. "You must go on a restricted, very low calorie diet to effect immediate change." d. "Fluid intake should exceed three thousand milliliters daily to prevent formation of uric acid kidney stones." - Correct answer d. "Fluid intake should exceed three thousand milliliters daily to prevent formation of uric acid kidney stones."" "1. Jenny, age 46, has hypertension that has been controlled with hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg every day for the past 3 years. She is 5 ft 8 in tall and weighs 220 lb. Her fasting blood sugar (FBS) is 300mg/dL, serum cholesterol level is 250 mg/dL, serum potassium level is 3.4mEq, and she has 4+ glucosuria. Your next course of action would be to: a. Discontinue her hydrochlorothiazide. b. Order a glucose tolerance test (GTT). c. Repeat her FBS and do a glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). d. Start insulin therapy. - Correct answer C. Repeat her FBC and do a HbA1c" "1. An elderly client presents with atrial fibrillation. Which of the following lab tests is important in forming the diagnosis? a. Complete blood count (CBC). b. C-reactive protein (CRP). c. Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP). d. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). - Correct answer D. TSH" "1. Juanita, age 23, complains of palpitations that started a few weeks ago; the occur 2 to 4 times a day and last 5 to 10 minutes. She feels nervous and is having trouble sleeping. Her stools have been frequent (1-3 per day) and loose. She is taking levothyroxine 150 mcg daily. Her labs indicated free thyroxine (T4) 2.28 and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 0.022. She has a history of Graves disease and had radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment a few months ago. She has been on thyroid replacement for 2 months. Based on these data, you decide to: a. Increase the levothyroxine dosage. b. Decrease the levothyroxine dosage. c. Keep the dosage the same. d. Start propranolol every 8 hours. - Correct answer B. Decrease the levothyroxine dosage" "1. Ben, a client with type 1 diabetes, is hospitalized with an admitting diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Which of the following signs and symptoms would be consistent with this condition? a. Hypoglucemia and glycosuria. b. Decrease respiratory rate with shallow respirations. c. Polydipsia and an increased blood pH. d. Ketonuria and polyuria. - Correct answer D. ketonuria and polyuria" "1. A low thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) can lead to: a. Osteoporosis. b. Weight gain. c. Bradycardia. d. Brittle hair. - Correct answer A. Osteoporosis" "1. Sara, age 40, has diabetes and is now experiencing anhidrosis on the hands and feet, increased sweating on the face and truck, dysphagia, anorexia, and heartburn. Which complication of diabetes do you suspect? a. Macrocirculation changes. b. Microcirculation changes. c. Peripheral neuropathies. d. Autonomic neuropathies. - Correct answer D. autonomic neuropathies" "1. Martin, age 62, has acute nontransient abdominal pain that grows steadily worse in the epigastric area and radiates straight through to the back. The pain has lasted for days. He is also complaining of nausea, vomiting, sweating, weakness, and pallor. Physical examination reveals abdominal tenderness and distention and a low-grade fever. What do you suspect? a. Cholecystitis. b. Acute pancreatitis. c. Cirrhosis. d. Cushing syndrome. - Correct answer D. Acute pancreatitis" "1. Your client with diabetes asks you about insulin glargine (Lantus). You tellher that: a. It may be administered subcutaneously at home or intravenously in the hospital if need be. b. The onset of action is 15 minutes. c. Insulin glargine (Lantus) stays in your system for 24 hours. d. It can be mixed with any other insulin. - Correct answer C. Insulin glargine (Lantus) stays in your system for 24 hours" "1. Harriet, age 62, has type 1 diabetes that is well controlled by insulin. Recently, she has been having marital difficulties that have left her emotionally upset. As a result of this stress, it is possible that she will: a. Have an insulin reaction more readily than usual. b. Have an increased blood sugar level. c. Need less daily insulin. d. Need mor carbohydrates. - Correct answer B. Have an increased blood sugar level" "1. Jennifer has diabetes mellitus (DM) and is injecting 30 units of Novolin 70/30 with breakfast and 18 units at bedtime. She is complaining that she woke up once in the middle of the night with palpitations and sweating. Based on this information, what do you recommend? a. Decreasing the am dose of 70/30. b. Decreasing the pm dose of 70/30. c. Eating a snack before going to bed. d. Changing the time of the nighttime insulin injection. - Correct answer D. Changing the time of the nighttime insulin injection" "1. Leah, age 70, has had diabetes for many years. When teaching her about foot care, you want to stress: a. That her calluses will protect her from infection. b. The need to assess the bottom of her feet carefully after walking barefoot. c. That painless ulcerations might occur, and feet should be examined with a mirror. d. That mild pain is to be expected because of neuropathy. - Correct answer C. That painless ulcerations might occur, and feet should be examined with a mirror." "1. Mason, age 52, has diabetes mellitus (DM) and is overweight. You now find that he is hypertensive. How should you treat his hypertension? a. You should treat it the same as in a client without diabetes. b. Because insulin affects most antihypertensive drugs, you should try diet and exercise first before ordering any antihypertensives. c. You should treat it very aggressively, preferably with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. d. You should initiate therapy when the blood pressure is 5 to 10 mm Hg more than the conventional therapeutic guidelines. - Correct answer c. You should treat it very aggressively, preferably with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors." "1. Steve, age 42, has never been hypertensive but appears today in the office with a blood pressure of 162/100 mm Hg. He also complains of "attacks" of headaches, perspiration, and palpitations, with frequent bouts of nausea, pain, weakness, dyspnea, and visual disturbances. He ahs lost 10lb over the past 2 months and seems very anxious today. Your next action would be to: a. Start him on an antianxiety agent. b. Obtain a 24-hour urine test for catecholamines. c. Start him on a diuretic or beta blocker d. Recheck his blood pressure in 1 week. - Correct answer 2. Obtain a 24 hour urine test for catecholamines" "1. Marie, age 50, has type 1 diabetes and checks her blood glucose level several times every day. Her blood glucose levels range from 250 to 280 mg/dL in the morning and is usually about 140 at lunch, about 120 at dinner, and about 100 at bedtime. In the morning, she takes 20 units of neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin and 4 units of regular insulin, and before dinner she takes 18 units of NPH insulin and 4 units of regular insulin. Although she has had her insulin dose adjusted several times in the past month m it has had no effect on her high morning blood glucose level. What is your next course of action? a. Increase the evening NPH insulin dose by 2 more units. b. Have her check blood glucose level between 2 am and 4 am for the next several days. c. Increase the morning regular insulin dose by 2 units. d. Order a fasting blood sugar test. - Correct answer b. Have her check blood glucose level between 2 am and 4 am for the next several days." "1. Betty, age 40, has had type 1 diabetes for 20 years and takes a combination of neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) and regular insulin every day. She comes to the office because she has developed a severe upper respiratory infection with chills, fever, and production of yellow sputum. Because of her acute infection, you know that Betty is likely to require: a. A decrease in her daily insulin dosage. b. An increase in her daily insulin dosage. c. A high-calorie dietary intake and no insulin change. d. A change in her insulin from NPH to insulin aspart (Novolog). - Correct answer B. An increase in her daily insulin dosage." "1. Dan, age 45, is obese and has type 2 diabetes. He has been having trouble getting his glycohemoglobin under control. He has heard that exenatide (Byetta) causes weight loss and wants to try it. What do you tell him? a. "Let's adjust your oral antidiabetic agents instead." b. "That a myth. People usually change their eating habits when taking this, ana that's what causes the weight loss. c. "with type 2 diabetes, you never want to be on injectable insulin." d. "Let's try it. Your glycohemoglobin will be lowered and you may lose weight." - Correct answer D. "Let's try it. Your glycohemoglobin will be lowered and you may lose weight."" "1. Mary, age 72, has been taking insulin for several years. She just called you because she realized that yesterday she put her short-acting insulin in the long-acting insulin box and vice versa. She just took 22 units of regular insulin when she was supposed to take only 5 units. She says that she tried to take a fingerstick to test her glucose level but was unable to obtain any blood. She states that she feels fine. What do you tell her to do first? a. "Keep trying to get a fingerstick and call me back with the results." b. "Call 911 before you collapse." c. "Drive immediately to the emergency room." d. "Drink 4 ounces of fruit juice." - Correct answer D. Drink 4 oz. of fruit juice" "1. A client with hyperthyroidism present s with a complaint of a "gritty" feeling in her eyes. Over the past week, her visual acuity has diminished, and her ability to see colors has changed. She also has a feeling of pressure behind her eyes. The next xtep for the nurse practitioner is to: a. Order a thyroid ultrasound. b. Refer the client for immediate evaluation by an ophthalmologist. c. Order a total thyroxine (T4). d. Prescribe a beta-adrenergic blocker. - Correct answer B. Refer the client for immediate evaluation by an opthalmologist" "1. You suspect that Sharon has hypoparathyroidism because, in addition to her other signs and symptoms, she has: a. Elevated serum phosphate levels. b. Elevated serum calcium levels. c. Decreased neuromuscular activity. d. Increased bone resorption, as implied by her bone density test. - Correct answer A. Elevated serum phosphate levels" "1. A client with diabetes on a sulfonylurea and metformin with a glycated hemoglobin (HBA1C) Of 6.5% is complaining of episodes of low blood sugar. Which of the following changes would be most appropriate? a. Decreasing the dosage of the metformin b. Discontinuing the metformin c. Increasing carbohydrate intake d. Decreasing the dosage of the sulfonylurea. - Correct answer D. Decreasing the dosage of the sulfonylurea" "1. Morton has type 2 diabetes. His treatment, which includes diet, exercise, in three oral antidiabetic agents at maximum dose, is insufficient to achieve acceptable glycemic control. Your next course of action is to: a. Give the patient a sliding scale with mealtime coverage with regular insulin. b. Add a dosage of long-acting insulin at bedtime to the regimen. c. Discontinue the oral anti diabetic agents and start insulin therapy with N and R. d. Suggest treatment using an insulin pump. - Correct answer B. add a dosage of long-acting insulin at bedtime to the regimen" "1. Lynne has Cushing syndrome. You would expect her to have or develop: a. Onychomycosis. b. Generalized increased pigmentation of the skin. c. Hair loss. d. Excitability and nervousness. - Correct answer A. Onychomycosis" "1. Joy has gout. In teaching her about her disease: which food do you tell her is allowed on the diet? a. Asparagus. b. Beans. c. Broccoli. d. Mushrooms. - Correct answer C. Broccoli" "1. Mindy is scheduled to have an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). she is instructed to discontinue many of her medications for three days before the test period which one is it safe to continue taking? a. Vitamin C. b. Aspirin. c. Calcium. d. Oral contraceptives. - Correct answer C. Calcium" "1. Jay has had diabetes for 10 years. He recently had a physical and was told he has some evidence of neuropathy. What is the first manifestation of this condition? a. Microalbuminuria. b. Development of Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules. c. Decreased serum urea nitrogen levels. d. Decrease serum creatinine levels. - Correct answer A. Microalbuminuria" "1. Sadie, age 40, has just been given a diagnosis of Graves' disease. She has recently lost £25, has palpitations, is very irritable, feels very warm, and has a noticeable bulge in her neck. The most likely cause of her increased thyroid function is: a. hyperplasia of the thyroid. b. An anterior pituitary tumor. c. Thyroid carcinoma. d. An autoimmune response. - Correct answer D. An autoimmune response" "1. When you inspect the integumentary system of clients with endocrine disorders, the finding of coarse hair may be an indicator of: a. Addison disease. b. Diabetes mellitus. c. Cushing syndrome. d. Hypothyroidism. - Correct answer D. Hypothyroidism" "1. Sandra, age 28, has secondary obesity. Which of the following may have caused this? a. Taking in more calories than are expended. b. Polycystic ovary syndrome. c. Anti-hypertensive medications. d. A sedentary lifestyle. - Correct answer B. PCOS" "2. Which is the only curative treatment option for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT)? a. Type 2 calcimimetic cinacalcet. b. Hormone therapy. c. Parathyroidectomy. d. Bisphosphonates. - Correct answer C. Parathyroidectomy" "1. a patient presents to your primary care office with abnormal lab results. On physical exam, he the patient's facial nerve around the zygomatic arch anterior to the earlobe. This describes which of the following tests and is associated with which of the following lab abnormalities? a. Trousseau sign, hypocalcemia. b. Chvostek sign, hypocalcemia. c. Chvostek sign hypercalcemia. d. Lachman test hypercalcemia. - Correct answer B. Chvostek sign, hypocalcemia" "2. What is the most common cause of gynecomastia? a. Puberty. b. Drug use. c. Testicular failure. d. Malnutrition. - Correct answer A. Puberty" "3. Which is the following conditions is a common pathological cause of hirsutism? a. Polycystic ovary syndrome. b. Addison disease. c. Hyperthyroidism. d. Alopecia. - Correct answer A. PCOS" "1. A patient presents to your primary care office complaining of polydipsia, polyurea, and polyphagia. Which of the following diagnoses would not be in your differential diagnosis? a. Diabetes mellitus (DM). b. diabetes insipidus (DI). c. Psychiatric disorders. d. Hyperthyroidism. - Correct answer D. Hyperthyroidism" "2. 35-year-old female presents to your primary care office for review of her laboratory results. Her physical exam shows a blood pressure (BP) have 140/90, pulse (P) of 105, oxygen saturation of 97%, and temperature of 98.6o F. She has complaints of palpitations, weight loss, hair loss, and anxiety. Her labs are all normal except for a low thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and an elevated thyroxine (T4). what would be your next course of treatment be? a. Start metoprolol and propylthiouracil (PTU). b. Refer the patient to psychiatry for treatment of anorexia. c. Refer the patient for radioactive iodine treatment. d. Refer the patient for thyroidectomy. - Correct answer A. Start metoprolol and PTU" "1. Which of the following statements about hypothyroidism is not true? a. The most common worldwide cause of hypothyroidism is iodine deficiency. b. The most common cause of autoimmune hypothyroidism is Hashimoto thyroiditis. c. The rate of hypothyroidism decreases with age. d. Lithium use is a risk factor for hypothyroidism. - Correct answer c. The rate of hypothyroidism decreases with age." "2. What is the most common cause of Cushing disease? a. Pituitary adenoma. b. Prednisone use. c. Adrenal tumor. d. Nonpituitary tumor. - Correct answer A. Pituitary adenoma" "1. A 35-year-old male presents to your office complaining of fatigue, weight loss, nausea, and abdominal pain. On physical exam, you notice he has an ortho static hypotension and hyperpigmented skin. You do a morning cortisol level, which is low. The plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is elevated. how would you treat this patient? a. Oral prednisone. b. hydrocortisone. c. Androgen replacement. d. Fludrocortisone. - Correct answer B. Hydrocortisone" "1. Which of the following statements about diabetes mellitus is untrue? a. Diabetes mellitus Is the most common etiology of renal failure in the United States. b. Diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine disorder in the United States. c. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by impaired insulin secretion and insulin action. d. Diabetes mellitus is curable. - Correct answer D. DM is curable" "1. What is the primary pathological irregularity associated with diabetes mellitus type 1? a. Nonfunctioning beta cells. b. Insulin resistance. c. Overproducing beta cells. d. Elevated free fatty acids in the plasma. - Correct answer A. Nonfunctioning beta cells" "1. Which of the following would not confirm a diagnosis of diabetes? a. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) of 7.0. b. Fasting glucose of 155. c. Random glucose of 198. d. Oral glucose tolerance tests with a plasma glucose of 250. - Correct answer C. Random glucose of 198" "1. Which of the following is not a risk factor for diabetes mellitus type 2? a. Body mass index (BMI) greater than 25. b. History of gestational diabetes. c. Caucasian race. d. History of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). - Correct answer C. Caucasian race" "1. which of the following statements about metformin is true? a. Metformin works by decreasing hepatic glucose production and increasing peripheral cell sensitivity to insulin. b. Metformin can cause lactic acidosis. c. Metformin is typically used in conjunction with other diabetes medications. d. Metformin cannot be used in patients with significant renal impairment. - Correct answer C. Metformin is typically used in conjunction with other diabetes medications" "1. Which of the following would not be ordered on a regular basis to evaluate diabetic patients for end organ damage associated with diabetes? a. Ophthalmology evaluation. b. Lipid panel. c. Urinalysis and basic metabolic panel (BMP). d. Complete blood count (CBC). - Correct answer D. CBC" "1. A 55-year-old Asian male presents with a history of severe left great toe pain. He states he cannot even touch the toe with a sheet without it causing pain. He denies trauma but states he cannot ambulate without paying. He admits to drinking alcohol but not to excess. On physical exam, he has normal vital signs, and you know that your erythema on the great toe at the interphalangeal (IP) joint. Which of the following is the gold standard for diagnosis of this problem? a. Joint aspiration with crystal analysis b. Serum uric acid level c. X-ray. d. Diagnosis is made with physical exam only. - Correct answer A. Joint aspiration with crystal analysis" "1. Which of the following body mass index (BMI) values defines class 1 obesity? a. 30. b. 25. c. 40. d. 35. - Correct answer A. 30" "1. To reduce the incidence of flares, foods High in what amino acid needs to be limited in the diets of patients with gout? a. Purine. b. Glutamine. c. Phenylalanine. d. Alanine. - Correct answer A. Purine" "1. Which of the following patients would not be a candidate for outpatient treatment of influenza? a. A 62-year-old male with a history of myocardial infarction five years ago. b. A 2-year-old female with a history of a congenital heart defect. c. A 72-year-old male without a past medical history. d. A 15-year-old female with a history of recent outpatient knee surgery. - Correct answer B. A 2 year old female with a hx of congenital heart defect" "1. What lifestyle choice increases the risk of upper respiratory infection? a. Smoking. b. Alcohol use. c. Cocaine use. d. Multiple sexual partners. - Correct answer A. Smoking" "2. A 65-year-old female presents to your urgent care center complaining of a cough. She has a past medical history of myocardial infarction, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes. She states she has had this cough last year and received a Z-pak, and it made her feel better, so she is requesting one now. Her vital signs are as follows: pulse (P) 85, blood pressure (BP) 140/90, oxygen saturation 95% on room air, temperature 99.0o F. Upon further questioning, her cough has been going on for three weeks and is under nonproductive. She also notes some shortness of breath, mostly with periods of ambulation. She denies chest pain. She knows that recently her feet and legs have become more swollen. You do not have access to an x-ray at your facility. What is the most concerning cause of the patients cough that would be in your differential diagnosis? a. Congestive heart failure. b. Pneumonia. c. Bronchitis. d. Deep vein - Correct answer A. CHF" "1. A 70-year-old man presents to your urgent care clinic complaining of a cough. He states that he has had the cough for six weeks. The cough is dry and unproductive. He denies fevers, chills, and weight loss. The patient admits to a 50-year history of smoking 1 pack per day. His pulse oximetry is 93% on room air. His chest X-ray shows in large long fields. What would you recommend as the next step in his care? a. That he see his primary doctor to discuss a computed tomography (CT)scan of the chest. b. oxygen through a nasal cannula until the cough stops. c. an albuterol inhaler. d. A course of oral steroids. - Correct answer a. That he see his primary doctor to discuss a computed tomography (CT)scan of the chest." "2. A 5-year-old male presents to your urgent care clinic with his mother. The patient was sent home from school for eye redness. He has bilateral erythema of his conjunctivae and watery discharge. He complains of pruritis of both eyes. the patient also has clear drainage from his nose and a sore throat. On physical exam of his throat, you notice your erythema of his tonsils but no exudates. What is the most likely cause of the patient symptoms? a. Adenovirus. b. rhinovirus. c. Streptococcus pneumoniae. d. Moraxella catarrhalis. - Correct answer A. Adenovirus" "3. Which of the following is not a risk factor for the development of sinusitis? a. Asthma. b. Smoking. c. Deviated septum. d. History of tonsillectomy. - Correct answer D. History of tonsillectomy" "1. A 15-year-old female presents to your urgent care center complaining of a sore throat for three days. Her vital signs are as follows: temperature 102.1oF, pulse (P) 70, blood pressure (BP) 130/85, oxygen saturation 97%. The patient denies cough. On physical exam, she has pearly white exudates on the tonsils, erythema of the throat, and palpable anterior cervical chain lymph adenopathy. What is the recommended treatment? a. Starting the patient on antibiotics. b. Starting the patient on prednisone. c. Awaiting culture results prior to treatment. d. Recommending supportive treatment. - Correct answer A. Starting the patient on antibiotics" "2. A 10-year-old female presents to your urgent care center with her mother complaining of your pain. The patient spends most of her summer at the local swim club. She notes right ear pain. She has no fever. She awoke today with green drainage on her pillow. On physical exam, the patient has pain with palpitation of the affected ear, and you cannot visualize the tympanic membrane. What is the most likely diagnosis? a. Otitis externa. b. Otitis media. c. Ruptured tympanic membrane. d. Acute mastoiditis. - Correct answer A. Otitis externa" "3. A 70-year-old female presents to your Emergency Department complaining of right hip pain. She cannot ambulate. She had a fall in the bedroom of her house and had to be picked up by the emergency medical technicians (EMTs) her husband called. She complains of groin pain. What would you expect to see on physical exam? a. Normal leg length on both sides. b. A shortened and externally rotated right leg. c. A shortened and internally rotated right leg. d. A shortened and externally rotated left leg. - Correct answer B. A shortened and externally rotated right leg" "1. An 18-year-old high school cross-country runner presents to your office complaining of foot pain for two weeks. The patient runs 3 to 6 miles per day. He states it feels better when he runs on the track as opposed to the road. On physical exam, he is tender to palpation over his fifth metatarsal head, but there is no ecchymosis, erythema, or edema of the foot. Xray of his foot is negative for fracture. What is the best diagnostic study to order for further evaluation of his complaint? a. Bone scan. b. Computed tomography (CT) scan. c. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). d. X-ray in one week. - Correct answer A. Bone scan" "2. A 20-year-old male presents to your urgent care center complaining of headaches for 2 weeks. The patient's headaches are intermittent but severe and last 15 to 30 minutes. He has had 3 to 4 severe headaches in the past 2 weeks. He denies it past medical history and has had no recent trauma. The patient's physical exam shows right sided rhinorrhea, conjunctivitis, and facial swelling. What is the likely cause of the patient symptoms? a. Brain tumor. b. Cluster headaches. c. Migraine headaches. d. Sinus infection. - Correct answer B. Cluster HAs" "3. Which of the following is not associated with panic disorder? a. Family history of mental health issues. b. Female sex. c. Smoking. d. History of molestation as a child. - Correct answer C. Smoking" "4. A patient presents to your primary care clinic with diarrhea. What about the diarrhea would be concerning for a parasitic infection? a. It presenting 8 hours after eating rare fish. b. It lasting longer than 7 days. c. The patient describes it as "rice water." d. It is bloody. - Correct answer B. It lasting longer than 7 days" "1. A 50-year-old female diabetic patient presents to your urgent care center complaining of chest discomfort. Which of the following symptoms would lead you to believe her chest pain is related to gastroesophageal reflux rather than a cardiac etiology? a. Chest pain radiates into the jaw and left arm. b. Chest pain is worse with walking. c. Chest pain started while eating spicy food. d. Chest pain is associated with nausea. - Correct answer C. Chest pain started while eating spicy food" "2. The ABCDEs of skin cancer can help you diagnose a cancerous skin lesion. Which of the following definitions does not accurately describe the corresponding letter of the acronym? a. A=asymmetry. b. B=Border irregularity. c. C=Color. d. D=Diameter greater than 8mm. - Correct answer D. D= Diameter greater than 8mm" "1. A patient presents to your primary care office for a blood pressure check. You have recently started them on an antihypertensive medication. However, on physical exam, the patient continues to have an elevated blood pressure. Which of the following symptoms would not be concerning for hypertensive crisis? a. Chest pain. b. Visual changes. c. Tinnitus. d. Severe headache. - Correct answer C. Tinnitus" "2. What is the most common cause of a urinary tract infection? a. Escherichia coli. b. Enterococcus faecalis. c. Klebsiella pneumoniae. d. Proteus mirabilis. - Correct answer A. Escherichia coli" "3. Which of the following headache descriptions does not match the accompanying diagnosis? a. Worst headache of your life = subarachnoid hemorrhage. b. Headache associated with aura = migraine headache. c. Unilateral temporal headache with associated pulsatile sensation = Tension headache. d. Headache associated with loss of consciousness = intracranial pressure change. - Correct answer c. Unilateral temporal headache with associated pulsatile sensation = Tension headache." "1. Tamica, who has diabetes, states that she heard fiber is especially good to include in her diet. How do you respond? a. "Fiber is important in all diets." b. "Too much fiber interferes with insulin, so include only a moderate amount in your diet." c. "Fiber, especially soluble fiber, helps improve carbohydrate metabolism, so it is more important in the diet of persons with diabetes." d. "You get just the amount of fiber you need with a normal diet." - Correct answer c. "Fiber, especially soluble fiber, helps improve carbohydrate metabolism, so it is more important in the diet of persons with diabetes."" "1. Mark has type one diabetes and has mild hyperglycemia. What effect does physical activity (exercise) have on his blood glucose level? a. It may cause it to vary a little. b. It may decrease it. c. It may elevate it. d. It may fluctuate greatly either way. - Correct answer B. It may decrease it" "1. Morris has had type one diabetes for 10 years. several recent urinalysis reports have shown Microalbuminuria. Your next step would be to: a. Order a 24 hour urinalysis. b. Start him on an angiotension-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. c. Stress the importance of strict blood sugar control. d. Send him to a dietitian because he obviously has not been following his diet. - Correct answer B. Start him on an ACE inhibitor" "1. Jason, age 14, appears with tender discoid breast tissue enlargement (2-3 cm in diameter) beneath the areolae. Your next action would be to: a. Perform watchful waiting for one year. b. Order an ultrasound. c. Obtain laboratory test. d. Refer Jason to an endocrinologist. - Correct answer A. Perform watchful waiting for one year" "4. In which of the following scenarios is antibiotic treatment necessary following an injury to the skin? a. Laceration requiring sutures from a knife cutting while cutting an avocado. b. Laceration requiring sutures on the foot of a diabetic. c. Laceration requiring sutures on the hand of someone who has not had a tetanus booster in the last five years. d. "Road rash" abrasion from a bicycle accident. - Correct answer B. Laceration requiring sutures on the foot of a diabetic" "5. A 20-year-old female presents to your urgent care clinic complaining of a cat bite. The patient recently adopted a cat. she was playing with the cat yesterday when the cat bit are on the arm. What antibiotics should be prescribed to prevent infection? a. Augmentin. b. Amoxicillin. c. Bactrim. d. No antibiotic is necessary. - Correct answer A. Augmentin" "1. A patient presents to your urgent care office complaining of lightheadedness, dizziness, and problems concentrating following a motor vehicle accident 7 days ago. Originally, these complaints were more severe, but they have slowly decreased in intensity. What is the patient's diagnosis? a. Concussion. b. Postconcussion syndrome. c. Cerebral hemorrhage. d. Malingering. - Correct answer B. Postconcussion syndrome" "2. A patient presents to your urgent care center for evaluation following a motor vehicle accident. On physical exam, the patient seems lethargic and has thin, clear nasal drainage. You also note bruising around the eyes and mastoid process. What injury did the patient sustained in the car accident? a. Basilar skull fracture. b. Epidural hematoma. c. Subdural hematoma. d. Concussion. - Correct answer A. Basilar skull fracture" "3. When a patient is diagnosed with an epidural hematoma, which artery is ruptured in the brain? a. Middle meningeal artery. b. temporal artery. c. Basilar artery. d. Vertebral artery. - Correct answer A. Middle Meningeal artery" "1. Which of the following patients' needs a computed tomography (CT) scan of the head following a minor head trauma? a. The patient taking Coumadin. b. A child under the age of 5. c. A patient complaining of a headache. d. The patient with nausea following a head injury. - Correct answer A. The patient taking Coumadin" "2. A 25-year-old construction worker comes into the Emergency Department after a third story fall at his construction site. The patient's main complaint is bilateral heel pain. The patient's x-rays confirmed bilateral calcaneal fractures. Based on the patient's mechanism of injury what other part of the body should you x-ray? a. Lumbar s