This is a visual English summary of the Neuropsychology course at the VU Amsterdam (second year). It includes everything from the lectures, the most relevant part of the book and some repetition from BioCog for extra understanding. Good luck studying!
The brain 's blood supply
↳ Blood is distributed the brain
throughout by 3 major cerebral arteries :
① The anterior ② The middle ③ The posterior
cerebral artery cerebral artery cerebral
artery
b t t
the the the
irrigates irrigates irrigates
medial & dorsal lateral (outer ) ventral & posterior
parts of the surface of surfaces of the
cortex the cortex cortex
STRUCTURESOFTHEBR.NL
(repetition from bio
cog year 1)
Btwn . .
1 .
lb -
2-
-
sa
-
3 .
= nerves from the brain
2b
= nerves from the spinal chord extended mar row
-
,The forebrain
↳ Telencephalon
↳ Cerebral cortex (lateral & medial part ,
consists of six layers of
gray
matter & is
heavily wrinkled )
↳ Basal
ganglia ( involved in the control of movement & habit learning )
↳ Caudate nucleus
↳ Globus pallidus substantia nigra :
functionally related (dopamine release)
( in tegmenturn )
↳ Putamen
↳ limbic system (involved in
learning & emotions )
,
memory
↳
Amygdala ( emotion )
↳
Hippocampus ( personal memory)
↳
Cingulate cortex (sexual behavior & other social interactions)
↳ Diencephalon
↳ Thalamus (relay station for sensory information to the cortex )
↳ Lateral geniculate body = receives visual info
↳ Medial
geniculate body =
receives auditory info
↳ Hypothalamus ( controls the autonomic CS ,
& stimulates hormone secretion in
pituitary)
A shallower fissure
is called a sulcus Cerebral cortex
( subcortical
✓ a
ridge is called a
gyrus
function
I
white
✓
A cleft is called
if it
into
extends
the
the ventricles
brain
a fissure
deep enough
to indent
matter speed
Basal ganglia
-
.
in transmission
signal
①
-
-
limbic system
-
Thalamus
visual info & sends it
receives
-
B to the primary visual cortex
receives auditory info I sends it
-
•
to the cor tex
primary auditory
} part of the tectum in midbrain
, ⇐
The midbrain
↳
Mesencephalon
↳ Tectum
↳ Superior Colli cali ( receives info from the eyes )
↳ Inferior colliculi (receives info from the ears )
OBOE
↳ Tegmen turn (related to motor function )
↳ Red nucleus ( controls limb movements )
↳ Substantia nigra (connects to the forebrain for rewarding behaviors )
↳ Peri aqueduct at gray matter (controls species typical behavior & modulates pain responses )
*
The hindbrain
↳ Metencephalon
↳ Cerebellum (motor coordination ,
motor learning , postural reflexes )
↳ Pons ( bridges inputs from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain & vice versa)
↳
Myelencephalon
↳ Medulla (regulates vital functions such as
breathing & the cardiovascular system )
)
diencephalon
[
:c
" " "i
:et÷÷÷÷;÷÷÷
brainstem
general arousal
consciousness
/
.
-
) . . .. .
The spinal chord
transmission
signal
q
the SC
through
-
l
Li -
L2 is
part of the
CNS
- sympathetic system parasympathetic system
( action) ( rest )
/
Rest are
::i÷
.
-
, The vesticular system & CSF ( repetition from bio cog)
↳
Purpose of CSF
1 .
It reduces the net weight of the brain
2 .
It reduces shocks to the CNS caused by sudden head movements
The brain contains a series of hollow interconnected chambers (ventricles ) which are filled w/ CSF
¥!%%%Es%"T"
( SF is extracted from
①J.""°"""d""T
① Lateral ventricles are the largest & blood & manufactured
to
symmetrical halves . all 4 ventricles and
flows from lateral to
4 the third d fourth into
Q.in?neassam:n: rmsii:O9K€
third ventricle & serves
them :%::;¥Iidr%
&÷÷÷::÷
reference point
①
as a
CSF is produced constantly
.
@ with total volume of
÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷
a
:÷ ÷ ÷ ÷:÷ ÷ ÷
B-
Arachnoid granulation s
:÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ :÷
Obstructions
'
=
in the subarachnoid
:
e. s .
a tumor or being born blood vessel that drains
with too small ventricles
into the veins serving the
→ a value will be
brain
implanted to
.
regulate it
ORGANIS.AT/0NOFT-HEBRAlN
Cortical organisation
1
.
Primary areas = receive projections from the major sensory systems & send motor projections to the muscles
2 .
Secondary areas
-
-
are involved in elaborating the info received in the
primary areas (or sending motor commands)
3.
Tertiary areas = the association cortex = all cortex not specialized for sensory or motor functions
↳ for complex activities e.g language planning memory & attention
↳
.
,
,
Parietal : .
Integration of various
sensory modalities I cross modal
-
matching leg touch leading to
Higher abstract information visualisation w/ coffee Cup )
f.
- -
symbolic level processing
'
Spatial integration of information
-
Selective attention with regards to touch
-
medial region : Modality -
a specific memory ( all kinds of
memory )
The frontal areas
yLp
'
Tempo ro -
occipital region Object constancy
:
,
visual identification & recognition of objects
go from area 3 ↳ = combination between the temporal & occipital lobe
( info selection &
anterior Selective visual attention
planning ) to
.
1
areas
feedback
( actual Taking planning ( sequencing )
'
motor action) '
initiatives
"
, ,
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