Here are notes that will help you better understand how the PAPER 3 A LEVEL CIE SOURCE PAPER for syllabus component 9389, year: 2020/21 works. It contains all the Cold War schools of thought and ho they come about. YOU WILL PASS WITH THESE!
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY SYLLABUS-9389
FOR THE EXAMINATION OF 2021 June
ASSESSMENT
Component 3 (PAPER 3) The Origins and Development of 1 QUESTION 40 MARKS
Interpretations question the Cold War, 1941–1950 1 hour
(source-based)
Component 4 (PAPER 4) Depth International History, 1945– 2 QUESTIONS 60 MARKS
study 1991 1HR. 30 MIN
SYLLABUS CONTENT
The Origins and Development of the Cold War, 1941–1950 (PAPER-3)
Candidates will study the following content and the differing interpretations that historians have
produced, with a particular focus on the over-arching Key Question, who was to blame for the
Cold War?
KEY QUESTIONS KEY CONTENT
This topic covers the following events and Candidates should explore the following issues
developments in the evolution of the Cold War through the interpretations and approaches of
in Europe: different historians:
• Tensions in the wartime alliance against the • How far were inherent tensions between East
Axis powers and West bound to resurface in 1945?
• Peace making at the end of World War II • How important were the personalities of the
• Increasing tensions in a divided Europe leaders of the Great Powers in shaping the Cold
• The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan War?
• The Berlin Blockade and Airlift • How far were ideology, security and
economics the factors which created Cold War
tensions?
• The Traditional approach
• The Revisionist approaches
• Post-Revisionist approaches
• How have the perspectives on the Cold War
of Russian historians differed from those in the
West?
• Reinterpretations of the Cold War in the light
of new archival sources
• The emergence of the ‘New’ Cold War history
Candidates will need to develop an awareness of the different approaches historians adopt to their
work, including:
• how different historians ask different questions about their field of study
• how historians’ approaches are influenced by their own ideology and beliefs (e.g. by focusing on
issues of class, gender, the role of structures)
• the inter-relationship between historians’ interpretations and approaches. In the context of this
question paper, the meaning of interpretation is what the historian says in the extract, the nature of
the claims made and the conclusions drawn. It is what can be inferred from the extract. The approach
is what the historian brings to their study of the topic, what they are interested in, the questions they
ask and the methods they use. Interpretation and approach are closely interrelated. No distinction
between interpretation and approach is required, as the interpretation will emerge from the
approach. Candidates are not required to distinguish between the two.
,PAPER 4 INTERNATIONAL HISTORY 1945-1991
KEY QUESTIONS KEY CONTENT
THEME 1 The Cold War, 1950–1975
How did relations between the USA and the Post-Stalin thaw after 1953 – achievements and
USSR change and develop in the 1950s and limitations
1960s? • Soviet and US policies – Beria; Malenkov;
Khrushchev; Eisenhower; Dulles; Kennedy
• Impact of key events – Korean War;
Hungarian Uprising; Berlin Wall; Cuba
How and why did the Cold War spread outside • Korea; Cuba; Vietnam; Latin America; Africa;
Europe after 1950? the Middle East
• Debates over the aims of Soviet policies and
involvement
• US policies and involvement; containment;
NSC-68, rollback
What impact did the nuclear arms race have on • Causes and development of the arms race
the conduct of the Cold War 1950–75? • Changes and developments in Soviet and
American nuclear strategies 1950–75; impact
on the nature of the Cold War
• Attempts to control nuclear weapons after
Cuban Missile Crisis – Test Ban treaties; NPT;
SALT
Why was there a move towards détente in the • General factors – risk of nuclear war;
1970s? economic problems, e.g. the oil crisis, 1973;
Brandt and Ostpolitik; Kissinger and Realpolitik
• Soviet needs – economic and technological
issues; problems in eastern Europe
• US needs in the wake of defeat in Vietnam
Theme 2: The Cold War, 1975–1991
How effective was détente in the 1970s? SALT Treaties
• Helsinki Accords, 1975
• Debate regarding the achievements and
effectiveness of détente
What were the causes of the ‘Second Cold • USA – rise of neo-conservatism; impact of
War’? Islamic militancy in Tehran; failure to ratify
SALT II
• USSR – increasing influence in the ‘Third
World’; Brezhnev’s failing health • Soviet
invasion of Afghanistan
Why, and with what effects, did the USSR suffer • Long-term factors – stagnation under
a ‘crisis of communism’ during the 1980s? Andropov and Chernenko; nationalism in USSR
and eastern Europe; economic issues
• Reasons for and effects of Gorbachev’s
policies: Glasnost; Perestroika; ‘Sinatra
Doctrine’
• Collapse of the Soviet Union
Why did the Cold War come to an end? • Triumphalism – the role of Reagan
• Problems facing the USSR and the role of
Gorbachev
• Triangular diplomacy
Theme 3: China, 1945–1991
Why did the CCP gain victory in 1949? • Why the CCP had popular support
, • Inefficiencies and corruption of KMT
• Leadership of Mao Zedong and Zhou En-lai
How successful was Mao Zedong in dealing • The problems facing China; agriculture;
with China’s problems? industry; the new constitution
• The Hundred Flowers campaign; The Great
Leap Forward; The Cultural Revolution
• Foreign relations; Sino-Soviet split
How successful was Deng Xiaoping in dealing • Social and economic reforms; ‘market
with China’s problems? socialism’
• Reaction to demands for political reform
• Foreign relations
Why was China able to survive the ‘crisis of • The financial crisis of 1987–88; protests of the
communism’? 1980s; changes within the CCP
• How Deng maintained control of the CCP and
the army
• Comparisons between the USSR and the PRC
in addressing the ‘crisis of communism’
Theme 4: Conflict in the Middle East, 1948–1991
Why did the creation of the state of Israel lead • Long-term factors – Arab unity; strategic
to war? importance of the Middle East; foreign
interference; persecution of Jews
• Reasons for, and effects of UN decision to
partition Palestine
• Involvement of Britain and the USA
How did the Arab-Israeli conflict develop • Arab-Israeli War, 1948–49
between 1948 and 1973? • Ongoing disputes: Suez War (1956); Six-Day
War (1967); Yom Kippur War (1973)
• Camp David Agreements, 1978–79
What impact did the Cold War have on the • Reasons for superpower involvement
conflict in the Middle East? • American policies and their impact
• Soviet policies and their impact
What factors led to the de-stabilisation of the • Civil war in Lebanon
Middle East between 1975 and 1991? • Iran-Iraq War, 1980–88
• Gulf War, 1990–91
, International History: The Cold War And How It Shaped The World
1A. The Origins Of The Cold War In Europe After World War II
• Rise of USA and USSR as superpowers after World War II
• USA and USSR’s motives: political, strategic, economic and ideological
• US policy of containment: Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, formation of NATO
• Sovietisation of Eastern Europe: Berlin Blockade, Warsaw Pact
• Historical debate: traditional, revisionist and post-revisionist
1) BACKGROUND: Traditional vs. Revisionist Views
TRADITIONAL HISTORIAN REVISIONIST HISTORIAN
Pro-American Outlook Defence of USSR; USA to be blamed
too
• View held by most historians until • USA is as much responsible as the
1970s. USSR for the cause of the Cold War.
• Pre-1960s: USSR was primarily • Possible to defend and explain USSR’s
responsible for the Cold War due to: actions rather than condemn them,
o (1) Totalitarian nature of the under the argument that USSR was
Communist system, resulting in not acting aggressively but
SU’s expansionist ambitions to defensively out of concerns for its
spread Communism as far as security.
possible • USA was insensitive to its legitimate
o (2) SU failure to adhere to security concerns. USA
wartime agreements misinterpreted USSR’s actions, and so
o (3) Aggressiveness in SU overreacted.
actions • USA’s motivations were not as
• In US opinion, there was a global idealistic – Marshall Plan was a
communist threat to independent but veiled form of economic imperialism,
internally weak nations, including and meant to craft spheres of
Eastern Europe, the Middle East and influence for herself.
Asia, in the aftermath of the war. • Main question: Was containment
• Thus, US security policies were seen justified?
as reasonable and necessary, o Traditional: Of course!
defending the world from the rogue o Revisionist: US misconstrued
Russians. and overreacted to SU’s
legitimate security concerns.
POST-REVISIONIST HISTORIAN
Bridging the gap and synthesizing the first 2 views
icedvovos Page 1 31/11/12
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